Ionic imbalance due to hydrogen carbonate from Asian dust

In an attempt to identify the ionic imbalance, hydrogen carbonate, HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate), was determined together with the commonly determined nine major ions because the imbalance was frequently encountered in the chemical analysis of samples with high pHs. Titration method was applied for the determination of the samples with pH higher than 5.6. These samples amounted to 102 of the 1536 samples collected in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, from April 1998 to December 2002. Of the 102 samples, 74 (Group A) showed an acceptable ion balance without including HCO₃⁻. In the other 28 (Group B), however, inclusion of HCO₃⁻ successfully improved the ion balance. These results suggested that hydrogen carbonate was a potential candidate for explaining the imbalance. The hydrogen carbonate concentrations showed a strong correlation with the corresponding non-sea salt calcium (nss-Ca²⁺) concentrations, which implied that hydrogen carbonate was derived from calcium carbonate particles incorporated into falling raindrops or cloud droplets. For Group A, the relationship between hydrogen carbonate and the nss-calcium ion concentration was very similar to that for commonly suspended particles in Hokkaido. On the other hand, Group B exhibited a stronger but significantly different correlation. To the samples of Group B, a back-trajectory analysis was applied to demonstrate that the samples were associated with aerosol travelling from Northern China or Mongolia, which indicated that alkaline aerosol affected the chemistry. In consideration of these findings, the current standard of the ion balance should be critically reviewed for modification in regard to the contribution of hydrogen carbonate not only in source areas but also in receptor areas of alkaline aerosol.     

垃圾填埋场室内模拟试验注水量确定方法及其应用

针对填埋场室内模拟试验往往忽略降雨径流和初损的问题,提出运用SCS模型确定室内模拟试验日注水量的方法,并将计算结果应用于成都长安填埋场室内模拟试验中.结果表明,采用SCS模型计算所得的日入渗量进行注水的模拟柱渗滤液产量和水质变化能够更准确的模拟填埋场实际情况.     

用磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除沈阳老虎冲垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮

叙述了磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的基本原理,分析了MAP法对氨氮的去除效果,对比了不同的镁盐及不同的反应时间对氨氮的去除效率。结果表明,MAP法对氨氮的去除效率高,产物中重金属的含量低。同时,氧化镁比氯化镁具有更好的氨氮去除综合优势。     

在降雨量极少的条件下日本琵琶湖北湖主要环境因子的动态变化和机理的研究(Ⅰ)(英文)

琵琶湖是日本第一大淡水湖,20世纪60年代以来,由于经济的发展,湖水水质逐步变坏。1977年湖的北部出现赤潮,1 983年湖的南部出现了湖泊富营养化的产物微囊藻。多年来,在深水区湖水温度分层情况下,叶绿素α或浮游植物主要分布在湖的表层。但在1 994年夏季降雨量极少的情况下,在深水区叶绿素α或浮游植物主要分布在温跃层的附近,这种现象在琵琶湖是罕见的。分析发现叶绿素的峰值在湖水温度分层时出现在温跃层的上部,而且底边界层同时出现了低溶氧和高浊度的现象。叶绿素α和溶氧、浊度的对应关系表明温跃层是一光合成活跃的区间。本文通过流体力学方程计算,结果表明随着温度的降低,粘滞力就会增加,在温跃层出现了随水深增加,粘滞力急剧增大的情况。由此可见颗粒物在温跃层顶的上部沉降速度比温跃层内快,因此颗粒物高浓度出现在温跃层内。计算结果同时发现,在水深10～20 m(对应于温跃层),分子扩散系数最小,一旦颗粒物进入这一区间就不易扩散出去。由于温跃层是一分子扩散系数小、粘滞力高的区间,所以温跃层是颗粒物和营养盐的富集区,出现了藻类和叶绿素浓度的峰值。     

在降雨量极少的条件下日本琵琶湖的环境因子的分布(英文)

琵琶湖是日本第一大淡水湖,20世纪60年代以来,由于经济的发展,湖水水质逐步变坏。1977年湖的北部出现赤潮,1983年湖的南部出现了湖泊富营养化的产物微囊藻。多年来,在深水区湖水温度分层情况下,叶绿素a或浮游植物主要分布在湖的表层(Tezuka,1984)。但在1994年夏季,降雨量极少的情况下,在深水区叶绿素a或浮游植物主要分布在温跃层附近,这种现象在琵琶湖是罕见的(Nakanishi,1995)。最近,琵琶湖北湖的藻类爆发显著增加了溶氧的消耗,导致了湖底层溶氧的减少。如果湖底层溶氧持续减少,底泥储存的磷就会释放到湖水中,从而加快湖泊富营养化的进程。本文分析了琵琶湖南北10个点1994年4月至1995年3月每月1次的常规观测资料,深入剖析了全湖物理化学参数的时空分布,不仅发现叶绿素的峰值在湖水温度分层时出现在温跃层的上部,而且湖底边界层同时出现了低溶氧和高浊度的现象。分析认为绿素a和溶氧、浊度的对应关系表明温跃层是一光合成活跃的区间。     

在降雨量极少的条件下日本琵琶湖北湖主要环境因子的动态变化和机理的研究(Ⅰ)

琵琶湖是日本第一大淡水湖,20世纪60年代以来,由于经济的发展,湖水水质逐步变坏.1977年湖的北部出现赤潮,1983年湖的南部出现了湖泊富营养化的产物微囊藻.多年来,在深水区湖水温度分层情况下,叶绿素α或浮游植物主要分布在湖的表层.但在1 994年夏季降雨量极少的情况下,在深水区叶绿素α或浮游植物主要分布在温跃层的附近,这种现象在琵琶湖是罕见的.分析发现叶绿素的峰值在湖水温度分层时出现在温跃层的上部,而且底边界层同时出现了低溶氧和高浊度的现象.叶绿素α和溶氧、浊度的对应关系表明温跃层是一光合成活跃的区间.本文通过流体力学方程计算,结果表明随着温度的降低,粘滞力就会增加,在温跃层出现了随水深增加,粘滞力急剧增大的情况.由此可见颗粒物在温跃层顶的上部沉降速度比温跃层内快,因此颗粒物高浓度出现在温跃层内.计算结果同时发现,在水深10～20 m(对应于温跃层),分子扩散系数最小,一旦颗粒物进入这一区间就不易扩散出去.由于温跃层是一分子扩散系数小、粘滞力高的区间,所以温跃层是颗粒物和营养盐的富集区,出现了藻类和叶绿素浓度的峰值.     

Simultaneous removal of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide and mechanism insight

Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide (Cl-LDH) was prepared to simultaneously remove Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The coexisting Cu(II) (20 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (40 mg/L) were completely removed within 30 min by Cl-LDH in a dosage of 2.0 g/L; the removal rate of Cu(II) was accelerated in the presence of Cr(VI). Moreover, compared with the adsorption of single Cu(II) or Cr(VI), the adsorption capacities of Cl-LDH for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) can be improved by 81.05% and 49.56%, respectively, in the case of coexisting Cu(II) (200 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (400 mg/L). The affecting factors (such as solution initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) have been systematically investigated. Besides, the changes of pH values and the concentrations of Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ in relevant solutions were monitored. To get the underlying mechanism, the Cl-LDH samples before and after adsorption were thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the basis of these analyses, a possible mechanism was proposed. The coadsorption process involves anion exchange of Cr(VI) with Cl⁻ in Cl-LDH interlayer, isomorphic substitution of Mg²⁺ with Cu²⁺, formation of Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ precipitation, and the adsorption of Cr(VI) by Cu₂Cl(OH)₃. This work provides a new insight into simultaneous removal of heavy metal cations and anions from wastewater by Cl-LDH.     

连续流动分析法测定降水中铵盐的可行性研究

铵盐是降水监测的重要指标之一,它对降水中的酸性物质具有中和作用。将连续流动分析法应用于降水中铵盐的检测,并对该方法的检出限、精密度、加标回收率等一系列实验室质量要求进行了测定;在此基础上,用连续流动分析法和国家标准分析方法进行比对试验。对测试结果进行数理统计分析后证明,连续流动分析法与国标方法无显著性差异。     

水力负荷对辐流式初沉池污染物去除效果的影响

以沉砂池出水为原水,在沉淀试验研究颗粒截留速度u0基础上,通过动态试验考察水力负荷对辐流式初沉池污染物去除效果的影响。研究结果表明无机悬浮固体(FSS)分离和总悬浮固体(TSS)高效去除的颗粒截留速度u0分别为0.025 m/min和0.05 m/min。由于泥层截留作用,水力负荷qA在46.3 m3/(m2.d)时,辐流式初沉池污染去除最高效,TSS、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)去除率分别达到81%,23%,59%。     

Biosorption mechanisms involved in immobilization of soil Pb by Bacillus subtilis DBM in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.