生态旅游:西南喀斯特山区摆脱"贫困陷阱"之路

西南喀斯特山区“贫困陷阱”的根本对策在于扭转人口生存领先掠夺土地的状况,生态旅游提供了这们的途径。西南喀斯特地区特有的自然风光和民俗风情等旅游资源优势,通过生态旅游开发,顺理成章地可转换成产品优势,“穷山恶水”就成为“青山绿水”,“穷乡僻壤”就成为“自然生态”和“特色民俗”。这不仅满足现代社会的需求,也使当地的资源潜力得到发挥。而且把资源利用的方式从掠夺、耗竭型转换为可持续型。另一方面,要真正和持续地实现这些资源的价值。必须保护原生态、原文化,这就引入了保护的经济机制．保护与开发的两难悖论可由此突破。本文还以贵州省绥阳县为例,阐述了西南喀斯特山区旅游资源特色和开发生态旅游的目标．为摆脱“贫困陷阱”提供一个示范。     

Assessing the impacts of mountain biking and hiking on subalpine grassland in Australia using an experimental protocol

Mountain biking is an increasingly popular, but sometimes controversial, activity in protected areas. Limited research on its impacts, including studies comparing biking with hiking, contributes to the challenges for mangers in assessing its appropriateness. The impacts of mountain bike riding off trail were compared to those of hiking on subalpine grassland in Australia using a modification of a common trampling experimental methodology. Vegetation and soil parameters were measured immediately and two weeks after different intensities of mountain biking (none, 25, 75, 200 and 500 passes across slope, 200 pass up and down slope) and hiking (200 and 500 passes across slope). There were reductions in vegetation height, cover and species richness, as well as changes in species composition and increases in litter and soil compaction with riding. Riding up and down a moderate slope had a greater impact than riding across the slope. Hiking also affected vegetation height, cover and composition. Mountain biking caused more damage than hiking but only at high use (500 passes). Further research including other ecosystems, topography, styles of riding, and weather conditions are required, but under the conditions tested here, hiking and mountain biking appear to be similar in their environmental impacts.     

秦皇岛山羊寨动物群及其生存环境的研究

1981年,笔者在泰皇岛市抚宁县山羊寨村小南山发现大量动物化石,经鉴定共有32种动物,其中绝灭种7个,时代为新生代第四纪中更新世,绝对年龄为（18±2）万年至（20±2）万年,相当于北京周口店动物群后期。研究发现：其生活在低山丘陵及其河谷;当时的气候是温和湿润的温带气候,但已向凉干转化;植被为温带落叶阔叶林。     

我国大兴安岭北部鱼类资源现状

根据１９９０－１９９４年调查结果表明,我国大兴岭北部现有淡水鱼类计７目５亚目１４科,１４亚科４７属６８种,其中经济鱼类２２种。与８０年代初期相比,有８目２亚目１０科２亚科２９属３３种鱼类未采集到标本,经济鱼类资源少了１７种。     

山水林田湖草生态保护修复的系统思想——践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”

我国地域广阔,但由于人口基数庞大,可利用国土资源空间分布不均。在我国经济实力和人民生活水平得到显著提升的当今,如何在有限的国土资源下,实现经济的可持续发展,促进社会经济与环境保护的协同发展,成为迫切需要解决的发展难题。习近平总书记提出的“山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体”的重要理念和系统治理思路为解决这一发展难题指明了方向。解析了山水林田湖草生态保护修复的战略背景;阐释了山水林田湖草生态保护修复的指导思想、基本原则和系统设计思路;提出了山水林田湖草生态保护修复工作的重点任务,包括编制修复方案,科学确定空间布局,优化调整产业结构与人口布局,因地制宜地开展生态修复,多部门联动推进生态保护修复等,并明确了其技术要求。     

Deposition of reactive nitrogen during the Rocky Mountain Airborne Nitrogen and Sulfur (RoMANS) study

Increases in reactive nitrogen deposition are a growing concern in the U.S. Rocky Mountain west. The Rocky Mountain Airborne Nitrogen and Sulfur (RoMANS) study was designed to improve understanding of the species and pathways that contribute to nitrogen deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP). During two 5-week field campaigns in spring and summer of 2006, the largest contributor to reactive nitrogen deposition in RMNP was found to be wet deposition of ammonium (34% spring and summer), followed by wet deposition of nitrate (24% spring, 28% summer). The third and fourth most important reactive nitrogen deposition pathways were found to be wet deposition of organic nitrogen (17%, 12%) and dry deposition of ammonia (14%, 16%), neither of which is routinely measured by air quality/deposition networks operating in the region. Total reactive nitrogen deposition during the spring campaign was determined to be 0.45 kg ha⁻¹ and more than doubled to 0.95 kg ha⁻¹ during the summer campaign.     

Trends in snowpack chemistry and comparison to National Atmospheric Deposition Program results for the Rocky Mountains, US, 1993–2004

Seasonal snowpack chemistry data from the Rocky Mountain region of the US was examined to identify long-term trends in concentration and chemical deposition in snow and in snow-water equivalent. For the period 1993–2004, comparisons of trends were made between 54 Rocky Mountain Snowpack sites and 16 National Atmospheric Deposition Program wetfall sites located nearby in the region. The region was divided into three subregions: Northern, Central, and Southern. A non-parametric correlation method known as the Regional Kendall Test was used. This technique collectively computed the slope, direction, and probability of trend for several sites at once in each of the Northern, Central, and Southern Rockies subregions. Seasonal Kendall tests were used to evaluate trends at individual sites.Significant trends occurred during the period in wetfall and snowpack concentrations and deposition, and in precipitation. For the comparison, trends in concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate for the two networks were in fair agreement. In several cases, increases in ammonium and nitrate concentrations, and decreases in sulfate concentrations for both wetfall and snowpack were consistent in the three subregions. However, deposition patterns between wetfall and snowpack more often were opposite, particularly for ammonium and nitrate. Decreases in ammonium and nitrate deposition in wetfall in the central and southern rockies subregions mostly were moderately significant (p<0.11) in constrast to highly significant increases in snowpack (p<0.02). These opposite trends likely are explained by different rates of declining precipitation during the recent drought (1999–2004) and increasing concentration. Furthermore, dry deposition was an important factor in total deposition of nitrogen in the region. Sulfate deposition decreased with moderate to high significance in all three subregions in both wetfall and snowpack. Precipitation trends consistently were downward and significant for wetfall, snowpack, and snow-telemetry data for the central and southern rockies subregions (p<0.03), while no trends were noted for the Northern Rockies subregion.     

浙东四明山红色旅游目的地的开发与建设

通过四明山红色旅游目的地开发建设的优势、机遇及劣势与挑战的分析,提出了开发与建设四明山红色旅游目的地的六大策略,即政府主导与市场运作相结合的开发策略、社会效益和经济效益兼顾的开发策略、红色旅游目的地品牌策略、"红绿结合"的开发策略、区域合作策略、基于和谐旅游发展的开发策略。     

基于地形坡度的大别山区商城县土壤侵蚀研究

使用基于地形坡度的土壤侵蚀要素提取方法,选择大别山区商城县为研究区,利用TM/OLI和SPOT 5/GF-1数据得到植被覆盖度和土地利用类型图,并结合DEM数据生成的地形坡度因子,基于GIS/RS提取土壤侵蚀信息及其时空变化量。结果显示,研究区2011年和2016年的土壤侵蚀主要分布在南部中低山地区,以轻度侵蚀为主,分别占总侵蚀面积的81.13%和83.97%;土壤侵蚀主要发生在坡度为5°～25°的区域,且随着坡度增大土壤侵蚀越严重;耕地的土壤侵蚀最严重;2011—2016年间虽然大部分区域土壤侵蚀状况不变,但整体有所加重。     

SH波入射下山体‑断层破碎带‑隧道相互作用分析∗

采用一种高精度间接边界积分方程法（IBIEM）,开展了山体-断层破碎带-隧道整体模型对地震波的散射作用模拟,考虑了三种影响因素：入射波强度、隧道与断层破碎带间距以及破碎带动力特性,模拟了其对山体表面及隧道地震动力响应的影响。研究结果表明：断层破碎带的存在使得山体-断层破碎带-隧道整体系统内相互作用更加复杂,山体表面位移幅值以及隧道的位移和应力幅值主要呈现放大效应,山体表面断层破裂处破坏异常严重,位移幅值陡增,可达10 以上;在衬砌的拱肩、拱脚处的应力集中较为明显,衬砌的顶部和底部应力较小;地震波低频入射时,隧道内外壁应力和位移曲线较平缓,随着入射频率的增大,波的相干效应更加明显,衬砌隧道应力和位移发生空间重分布,出现峰值多段集中现象。