某退役后辐照装置的辐射水平监测与评价

依据国家相关标准对某退役后辐照装置周围的辐射水平进行监测与评价,通过数据评价得出该单位辐照装置退役场所未受到放射性污染,其退役后对环境的辐射影响可以忽略。     

Translating habitat class to land cover to map area of habitat of terrestrial vertebrates

Area of habitat (AOH) is defined as the “habitat available to a species, that is, habitat within its range” and is calculated by subtracting areas of unsuitable land cover and elevation from the range. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme provides information on species habitat associations, and typically unvalidated expert opinion is used to match habitat to land-cover classes, which generates a source of uncertainty in AOH maps. We developed a data-driven method to translate IUCN habitat classes to land cover based on point locality data for 6986 species of terrestrial mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. We extracted the land-cover class at each point locality and matched it to the IUCN habitat class or classes assigned to each species occurring there. Then, we modeled each land-cover class as a function of IUCN habitat with (SSG, using) logistic regression models. The resulting odds ratios were used to assess the strength of the association between each habitat and land-cover class. We then compared the performance of our data-driven model with those from a published translation table based on expert knowledge. We calculated the association between habitat classes and land-cover classes as a continuous variable, but to map AOH as binary presence or absence, it was necessary to apply a threshold of association. This threshold can be chosen by the user according to the required balance between omission and commission errors. Some habitats (e.g., forest and desert) were assigned to land-cover classes with more confidence than others (e.g., wetlands and artificial). The data-driven translation model and expert knowledge performed equally well, but the model provided greater standardization, objectivity, and repeatability. Furthermore, our approach allowed greater flexibility in the use of the results and uncertainty to be quantified. Our model can be modified for regional examinations and different taxonomic groups.     

KR法铁水脱硫自动控制系统软件的编制及调试

根据KR搅拌式铁水脱硫的工艺流程、设备及操作特点,对铁水脱硫自动控制系统软件进行编制,并对软件调试中出现的问题加以解决,确保系统安全、可靠、高效运行。     

Ecological relevance of performance criteria for species distribution models

Species distribution models have often been developed based on ecological data. To develop reliable data-driven models, however, a sound model training and evaluation procedures are needed. A crucial step in these procedures is the assessment of the model performance, with as key component the applied performance criterion. Therefore, we reviewed seven performance criteria commonly applied in presence-absence modelling (the correctly classified instances, Kappa, sensitivity, specificity, the normalised mutual information statistic, the true skill statistic and the odds ratio) and analysed their application in both the model training and evaluation process. Although estimates of predictive performance have been used widely to assess final model quality, a systematic overview was missing because most analyses of performance criteria have been empirical and only focused on specific aspects of the performance criteria. This paper provides such an overview showing that different performance criteria evaluate a model differently and that this difference may be explained by the dependency of these criteria on the prevalence of the validation set. We showed theoretically that these prevalence effects only occur if the data are inseparable by an n-dimensional hyperplane, n being the number of input variables. Given this inseparability, different performance criteria focus on different aspects of model performance during model training, such as sensitivity, specificity or predictive accuracy. These findings have important consequences for ecological modelling because ecological data are mostly inseparable due to data noise and the complexity of the studied system. Consequently, it should be very clear which aspect of the model performance is evaluated, and models should be evaluated consistently, that is, independent of, or taking into account, species prevalence. The practical implications of these findings are clear. They provide further insight into the evaluation of ecological presence/absence models and attempt to assist modellers in their choice of suitable performance criteria.     

美国国会“电磁脉冲攻击对美国的威胁评估委员会”及其评估报告简析

为评估美国面临的电磁脉冲攻击威胁，并为美国电网等国家关键基础设施遭受敌国电磁脉冲攻击提出预防、保护和修复的建议，监督指导政府部门和军方开展电磁脉冲防御工作，美国国会从2001财年至2018财年，先后组建了四届电磁脉冲攻击威胁评估委员会。截至目前，该委员会已发布三次评估报告，其评估结论与建议为美国政府部门、研究机构等，社会各界开展各类评估、应对方案、提案提供了重要参考和依据。历届电磁脉冲攻击威胁评估委员会的成立，在美国电磁脉冲防御工作发展过程中都具有重要意义。简述了历届委员会的情况、评估要点和结论，重点分析了最新公布的2016财年委员会评估报告要点。     

Education at the Commission on Sustainable Development: the perception of the international community

This paper explores the role of education as it might assist in achieving a sustainable world. It examines the perceptions of the international community present at the seventh session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). A survey was conducted of 146 delegates and UN staff over the two weeks of the Commission's session in April 1999. The survey identified the primary importance placed on education as a cross-cutting theme of sustainability and the need for efforts to be co-ordinated to achieve education for sustainable development at all levels. To make further progress for implementing Agenda 21, the task management by UNESCO must improve through instigation of a supportive reporting system at the CSD. The education community must receive appropriate support and funding to make effective progress at local and national levels to implement the work programme for education, public awareness and training.     

Integrating Sustainable Development into Global Institutions： Reforming the United Nations

This article will briefly outline the origins, structure and functions of United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development in the context of the goals of ecologically sustainable development （ESD）. Economic development, social development and environmental protection form the three interconnected parts of ESD. The achievements of the key UN environmental institutions and programs in opening up the global system to civil society, the private sector and a diversity of actors and interests, promoting the role of poverty alleviation as part of ESD through the Millennium Development Goals, and facilitating important Multilateral Environmental Agreements should be recognized. However, with these notable exceptions, organizations such as United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development have become weak in scientific and technical leadership, global policy, co-ordination （inside and outside the UN） and has few achievements in the inter- national and national implementation of obligations and standards in Global Environmental Governance - including enforcement, compliance and effectiveness. This article will outline the key reasons for this inadequacy. Attention will also be focused on the way forward through of a new United Nations Environment Organization. This will require a clarification of purpose and function （within the UN system and as part of global governance structures） as well as consideration of whether it depends on system-wide UN reform. It is recommended that medium and long term strategies for reform are necessary.     

燃煤电厂无旁路烟气脱硫系统的设计与调试

随着我国环保标准的提高,电厂烟气脱硫系统取消旁路成了大势所趋。介绍了燃煤电厂无旁路烟气脱硫系统的设计与调试方案,阐述了无旁路脱硫系统的工艺流程、特点,以及在实际工程设计中应注意的要点,探讨了无旁路脱硫系统调试过程中需要重点检查的事项,并提出了异常情况的处理方法。     

国家应通过立法，强制推行中水回用

西南部地区干旱突显出我国水资源的供求矛盾。中水回用可以提高水资源的使用效率、缓解水资源匮乏的问题，但从全国看，推行的阻力很大。建议通过立法，强制推行中水回用政策，以实现水资源的可持续利用和社会经济的可持续发展。