电除尘器效率考核问题试验研究与思考

分析了煤种含硫量、灰份及粉尘化学组成对除尘效率的影响，研究了电除尘器效率考核存在的问题，提出了校核除尘效率的方法，并结合生产实际进行了核算。     

规划环境影响评价中公众参与有效性的探讨

公众参与在规划环境影响评价中具有重要的意义。目前环境影响评价中公众参与中存在许多不足，严重影响了公众参与的有效性，在提高规划环境影响评价中公众参与制度的有效性、信息发布的有效性、参与对象的有效性、参与方法的有效性以及结论有效性等方面提出了建议。     

氧化塘合理的设计与操作

氧化塘不但可以低费用的降解废水，而且可以提供有用的生物量，其关键是进行合理的设计、操作和去除污泥．本文综合国外的文献资料，提出合理的设计和操作方案，并且引用国外试验者开发的预测模型；同时提出操作过程加入适当的ＣａＣｌ２化学添加剂可以促进藻类生物量的絮凝，以保证出水的质量和提供可利用的生物量．     

Comparative study on performances of a heat-pipe PV/T system and a heat-pipe solar water heating system

The heat-pipe solar water heating (HP-SWH) system and the heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (HP-PV/T) system are two practical solar systems, both of which use heat pipes to transfer heat. By selecting appropriate working fluid of the heat-pipes, these systems can be used in the cold region without being frozen. However, performances of these two solar systems are different because the HP-PV/T system can simultaneously provide electricity and heat, whereas the HP-SWH system provides heat only. In order to understand these two systems, this work presents a mathematical model for each system to study their one-day and annual performances. One-day simulation results showed that the HP-SWH system obtained more thermal energy and total energy than the HP-PV/T system while the HP-PV/T system achieved higher exergy efficiency than the HP-SWH system. Annual simulation results indicated that the HP-SWH system can heat the water to the available temperature (45°C) solely by solar energy for more than 121 days per year in typical climate regions of China, Hong Kong, Lhasa, and Beijing, while the HP-PV/T system can only work for not more than 102 days. The HP-PV/T system, however, can provide an additional electricity output of 73.019 kWh/m², 129.472 kWh/m², and 90.309 kWh/m² per unit collector area in the three regions, respectively.     

淮河流域用水效率研究

为研究淮河流域水资源利用效率,从淮河片水资源公报中提取相关指标数据,以淮河流域水资源二级分区为单元,基于数据包络分析法(DEA)和层次分析法(AHP)模型计算出淮河流域各市的用水效率.结果表明,淮河上游以漯河和平顶山市为优,淮河中游以郑州和徐州为优,淮河下游以扬州和盐城为优,沂沭泗以淄博和商丘为优.     

蒲河流域污染状况与生态修复技术对策的研究

概述了2010年以前蒲河的污染状况及形成原因,介绍了目前通过蒲河综合整治系列工程实施及生态修复技术的应用,蒲河污染状况和生态环境得到了明显改善,由2009的劣V类水质提高到目前V类水质,同时,提出目前尚存在的问题及蒲河水污染控制和水环境建设的对策和方案,为"十二五"沈阳市创建生态城市和消除劣五类水体的既定目标的实现奠定基础。     

电厂燃煤锅炉颗粒物分段去除效率及成因分析

选取某大型发电企业进行实测,根据测试数据计算颗粒物去除装置对颗粒物的分段去除效率。结果表明:静电除尘器除尘效率为99.91%、湿法脱硫装置除尘效率为60.51%、湿法脱硫装置出口相对静电除尘器进口的颗粒物去除效率为99.61%、湿法脱硫装置出口颗粒物浓度是静电除尘器出口颗粒物浓度的4.18倍。此外,也依据计算结果并结合实际情况分析了影响各除尘段颗粒物去除效率的主要成因,这些成因主要包括各除尘段功能、脱硫剂与脱硫副产品的颗粒物、脱硫装置运行平稳性等,期望本研究成果能对电厂燃煤锅炉大气污染控制设施关系调整、重新设计及大气环境污染治理思路调整提供重要科学依据与指导。     

Energy efficacy used to score organic refuse pretreatment processes for hydrogen anaerobic production

The production of hydrogen through Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has been investigated to verify the efficacy of several pretreatment processes. Three types of waste with different carbon structures have been tested to obtain an extensive representation of the behavior of the materials present in Organic Waste (OW). The following types of waste were selected: Sweet Product Residue (SPR), i.e., confectionary residue removed from the market after the expiration date, Organic Waste Market (OWM) refuse from a local fruit and vegetable market, and Coffee Seed Skin (CSS) waste from a coffee production plant. Several pretreatment processes have been applied, including physical, chemical, thermal, and ultrasonic processes and a combination of these processes. Two methods have been used for the SPR to remove the packaging, manual (SPR) and mechanical (SPRex). A pilot plant that is able to extrude the refuse to 200 atm was utilized. Two parameters have been used to score the different pretreatment processes: efficiency (ξ), which takes into account the amount of energy produced in the form of hydrogen compared with the available energy embedded in the refuse, and efficacy (η), which compares the efficiency obtained using the pretreated refuse with that obtained using the untreated refuse. The best result obtained for the SPR was the basic pretreatment, with η = 6.4, whereas the thermal basic pretreatment gave the highest value, η = 17.0 for SPRex. The best result for the OWM was obtained through a combination of basic/thermal pretreatments with η = 9.9; lastly, the CSS residue with ultrasonic pretreatment produced the highest quantity of hydrogen, η = 5.2.     

Improved phosphorus use efficiency in agriculture: a key requirement for its sustainable use

Mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizers processed from fossil reserves have enhanced food production over the past 50 years and, hence, the welfare of billions of people. Fertilizer P has, however, not only been used to lift the fertility level of formerly poor soils, but also allowed people to neglect the reuse of P that humans ingest in the form of food and excrete again as faeces and urine and also in other organic wastes. Consequently, P mainly moves in a linear direction from mines to distant locations for crop production, processing and consumption, where a large fraction eventually may become either agronomically inactive due to over-application, unsuitable for recycling due to fixation, contamination or dilution, and harmful as a polluting agent of surface water. This type of P use is not sustainable because fossil phosphate rock reserves are finite. Once the high quality phosphate rock reserves become depleted, too little P will be available for the soils of food-producing regions that still require P supplements to facilitate efficient utilization of resources other than P, including other nutrients. The paper shows that the amounts of P applied in agriculture could be considerably smaller by optimizing land use, improvement of fertilizer recommendations and application techniques, modified livestock diets, and adjustment of livestock densities to available land. Such a concerted set of measures is expected to reduce the use of P in agriculture whilst maintaining crop yields and minimizing the environmental impact of P losses. The paper also argues that compensation of the P exported from farms should eventually be fully based on P recovered from ‘wastes’, the recycling of which should be stimulated by policy measures.