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Venema Henry D. Schiller Eric J. Bass Brad 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1996,1(2):139-165
The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change
and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought.
Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and
ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment.
These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias
in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations
to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on
external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period.
A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability
has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests
that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions,
this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty.
A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction
of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption
cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry
projects to redress the primary effects of desertification. 相似文献
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Can policies designed to maximize exploitation by elites benefit the people who live in forests? Forestry policy throughout the developing world originates from European “scientific” forestry traditions exported during the colonial period. These policies were implemented by foreign and local elite whose interest was to maximize and extract profit. In spite of reforms since the end of the colonial period, policies on the environment usually remain biased against rural communities. Even when more recent policies are fair, the rural poor face severe biases in implementation. In addition, they must compete on an uneven playing field of ethnic and other social inequities and economic hurdles. This article examines how forestry policy and implementation maintain double standards on this uneven playing field in a manner that permanently excludes the rural poor from the natural wealth around them—producing poverty in the process. Change that would support poverty alleviation for forest-based communities requires a radical rethinking of forest policy so as to counterbalance widespread regressive policies and structural asymmetries. 相似文献
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SUMMARY A participatory research programme was conducted in the groundnut basin of Senegal, where there was a need to intensify the local farming systems. The research yielded a set of technical references and profitable innovations, which were introduced through specific development actions. The technology transfer aims at the establishment of sustainable farming systems and takes into account the climatic risks and innovation costs. Identification of research themes and implementation of results was based on various analyses: climatic analysis at regional level (establishment of climatic zones) and identification of constraints at farm level. Farmers' interests and the research results were combined to define suitable interventions for each surveyed farm, with the aim of increasing farm income and restoring soil fertility. The research also yielded elements for formulating an appropriate and realistic agricultural policy for the region. Clearly, the development of livestock farming activities is essential in bringing new economic life into the region and increasing the sustainability of farming systems in erratic climatic conditions. 相似文献
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Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation Strategies in Rural Sahel 总被引:17,自引:3,他引:14
Farmers in the Sahel have always been facing climatic variability at intra- and inter-annual and decadal time scales. While
coping and adaptation strategies have traditionally included crop diversification, mobility, livelihood diversification, and
migration, singling out climate as a direct driver of changes is not so simple. Using focus group interviews and a household
survey, this study analyzes the perceptions of climate change and the strategies for coping and adaptation by sedentary farmers
in the savanna zone of central Senegal. Households are aware of climate variability and identify wind and occasional excess
rainfall as the most destructive climate factors. Households attribute poor livestock health, reduced crop yields and a range
of other problems to climate factors, especially wind. However, when questions on land use and livelihood change are not asked
directly in a climate context, households and groups assign economic, political, and social rather than climate factors as
the main reasons for change. It is concluded that the communities studied have a high awareness of climate issues, but climatic
narratives are likely to influence responses when questions mention climate. Change in land use and livelihood strategies
is driven by adaptation to a range of factors of which climate appears not to be the most important. Implications for policy-making
on agricultural and economic development will be to focus on providing flexible options rather than specific solutions to
uncertain climate. 相似文献
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Toward an Integrated Management Plan of the Djoudj Park Water Resources: Senegal River Mouth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new approach was needed to preserve the biodiversity of the Djoudj Park within a context marked by many constraints: drought,
regulation of its hydrologic system, and anthropogenic pressure. The local management plan developed in this paper aims at
the responsible management and fair distribution of the available water resources in the Djoudj Park to provide a balanced
response to conservation issues and the growing needs of the local communities. The opposition between an administration determined
to exercise its power and the confidence of local people weary of being stripped of their rights and cultural assets required
the setting up of a consensual management plan. This plan would provide a means to determine the timing and the number of
sluice gates to operate, based on an efficient command of the needs for water for each activity in the park and its surroundings.
This tool will allow the park authority to take full cognizance of the needs and opinions of all interest groups but also
their limits while keeping the essential functions of this wetland. It is also suggested that institutional and administrative
reform be carried out to associate local populations in the definition and implementation of criteria for an integrated management
of the Djoudj resources. 相似文献
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Artisanal fishing is an activity which has long occupied an important place on the West African coast. In less than 20 years,
the increasingly widespread use of motors in fishing boats and cold storage facilities both on board and on land have enabled
fishermen to master the constraints of space and time. Furthermore, globalization has created a demand for new products, thus
influencing the behaviour of fishermen and consequently the status of some fish, turtle and marine mammal species. Development
policies for artisanal fishing do not adequately reflect the importance of these changes. They tend to use inappropriate scales
of reference, be it spatially (national borders take precedence over ecosystems) or temporally (the long-term consequences
of development plans are seldom considered). Some international conservation organizations are testing promising new approaches
to managing resources more sustainably and restoring degraded ecosystems, and their recent experiences can serve as useful
examples to others. It is recommended to grant special rights of access to resident fishermen. In defending ‘their’ resources,
they will also protect the ecological functions of the area. Close collaboration with administrations and development assistance
agencies is needed to assess consequences of political decisions on the use of resources. The important role of marine protected
areas as a tool for fishing management should be better documented and strengthened. These areas should not be considered
as isolated units but rather as vital parts of a comprehensive system for improved coastal zone management. Consistent with
the ecosystem approach, fishermen and their communities, being the main users of coastal resources, should also play a major
role in the design and implementation of any fishing management actions. 相似文献
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