燕山地区大红峪组火山岩古风化作用新认识

大红峪组火山岩 ,在成岩后受古风化作用影响引起化学成分的变化 ,特别是深风化带岩石后期K2 O沉积的影响 ,造成从未风化到深风化岩石在TAS图解、碱度系数、岩系指数及岩石类型等方面相应地发生变化。在TAS图解上 ,岩石向碱性增加、SiO2 减少方向变化。碱度系数变大 ,岩系指数的变化使火山岩反映为从钙碱性到超碱性。岩石类型也出现不确定性。深风化带岩石根据岩石化学成分计算标准矿物时 ,出现白榴石、霞石等碱性矿物 ,而实际矿物未见这一现象 ,也是后期K2 O沉积影响的结果。排除古风化的影响 ,作者认为大红峪组火山岩应为钾质的粗面岩和粗面玄武岩 ,属钙碱系列。粗面玄武岩为铝过饱和型 ,粗面岩为正常型。不存在明显的岩浆分离结晶作用 ,其原始岩浆应以基性为主。由于上述的原因 ,影响了对岩浆来源、构造环境的判断。推断其构造环境 ,是在总的海进条件下 ,出现多次的海退 ,伴有多次火山喷发活动 ,水动能比较大 ,气候干旱 ,封闭、半封闭的海盆中富含钾的环境。     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器低温硝化研究

采用自行设计制作的新型一体化A/O生物膜反应器,研究了温度、进水碱度对反应器硝化性能的影响.结果表明,当反应器温度控制在20,15和10℃时,硝化率分别为98%,90%和60%.此时进水COD和TN浓度分别为100～150 mg/L和65～78 mg/L.总氮去除率分别为50%,30%和20%.当反应器温度控制在8℃,进水中不加有机碳源,随着进水碱度的增加,硝化率从72%提高到95%,在低温下取得了良好的硝化效果.当进水碱度为280 mg/L时,反应器各区出现亚硝酸盐积累,亚硝化率达到80%.详细分析了形成亚硝酸盐积累的原因.     

SENSITIVITY OF HIGH-ELEVATION STREAMS IN THE SOUTHERN BLUE RIDGE PROVINCE TO ACIDIC DEPOSITION1

ABSTRACT: The Southern Blue Ridge Province, which encompasses parts of northern Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina, has been predicted to be sensitive to impacts from acidic deposition, owing to the chemical composition of the bedrock geology and soils. This study confirms the predicted potential sensitivity, quantifies the level of total alkalinity and describes the chemical characteristics of 30 headwater streams of this area. Water chemistry was measured five times between April 1983 and June 1984 at first and third order reaches of each stream during baseflow conditions. Sensitivity based on total alkalinity and the Calcite Saturation Index indicates that the headwater streams of the Province are vulnerable to acidification. Total alkalinity and p11 were generally higher in third order reaches (mean, 72 μeq/θ and 6.7) than in first order reaches (64 μeq/θ and 6.4). Ionic concentrations were low, averaging 310 and 340 μeq/θ in first and third order reaches, respectively. A single sampling appears adequate for evaluating sensitivity based on total alkalinity, but large temporal variability requires multiple sampling for the detection of changes in pH and alkalinity over time. Monitoring of stream water should continue in order to detect any subtle effects of acidic deposition on these unique resource systems.     

Potential fluorosis problems around Chandidongri, Madhya Pradesh, India

The area around Chandidongri (latitude 21 deg 02 prime N and longitude 80 deg 37 prime E) is covered by granitic gneisses and amphibolites of the Amgaon Group and granites and rhyolites of the Dongargarh super group. The granites which cover the major portion of the area have been intruded into by a number of dolerite and epidiorite dykes and traversed by a few N–S trending shear zones. A well-known fluorite deposit is located along the Lamtidongri–Kotnapani shear zone. Besides this deposit, the authors have located a few occurrences of fluorite along other shear zones where epidiorite dykes are in association with granites. A number of cases of fluorosis have been reported from those parts of Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh which are covered by granitic rocks and also from the eastern parts of Bhandara district which are adjacent to the area described here. The Chandidongri area is mainly covered by granitic rocks, which at places show the presence of fluorite mineralisation. Taking into consideration these facts, the authors have investigated the area to study the cases of fluorosis if any, and the impact of geology and fluorite mining on the water quality in this region. During the survey, we have not come across any cases of fluorosis in this region. The pH is more than 7 and the fluoride concentration is within the permissible limit.     

ABR反应器的碱度变化及调控研究

研究了折流厌氧反应器(ABR)运行中碱度的变化情况及其与ABR各格室中VFA、pH和COD变化之间的关系.结果表明,碱度沿程变化与反应器的VFA浓度变化密切相关,碱度和pH值的最低点出现在VFA浓度最高点.碱度条件是通过pH值影响系统的运行.ABR沿程碱度和pH值变化都存在一个先降低后上升的过程.碱度控制一般以保证ABR沿程最低pH值不低于6.0为准,6.5以上为佳.进水碱度的下限与反应器的进水浓度密切相关.在低负荷COD条件下[3.7 kg/(m³·d)],保持ABR运行良好的最低碱度为800 mg/L.     

EGSB出水回流对EGSB—SBR工艺处理果汁废水的影响

采用EGSB—SBR工艺处理实际果汁废水(COD 2 608~6 500 mg/L,p H 5.0~7.0)。在EGSB反应器成功启动及驯化完成的情况下,连续运行49 d。实验结果表明:第25天起,控制EGSB回流比为3.00∶1,EGSB反应器可在无须添加Na HCO3的条件下稳定运行,从而降低了废水处理成本;第25天起,平均进水COD,BOD5,SS分别为5 968,2 130,1 020 mg/L,平均出水COD,BOD5,SS分别降至131,11,50 mg/L,平均COD,BOD5,SS去除率分别为98%,99%,95%;组合工艺对该实际果汁废水具有良好的处理效果。     

基于碱度平衡与反硝化动力学的厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺配水比例模型

采用批式反硝化试验,研究了BOD5和NOx-N(NO3--N与NO2--N之和)浓度对反硝化速率的影响.结果表明,在碳源充足的条件下,猪场废水厌氧消化液反硝化过程中NOx-N转化为零级反应,与NOx-N浓度无关;在碳源限制的条件下,猪场废水厌氧消化液反硝化过程中NOx-N转化速率与BOD5的关系遵从Monod方程.以Monod方程和碱度平衡为基础,推导出配水比例的数学模型.通过模型分析表明,进水碱度与进水氨氮浓度之比小于3.82时,仅靠配水措施不能平衡整个处理系统的碱度,还需要外加碱度;进水碱度与进水氨氮浓度之比大于6.90时,序批式反应器(SBR)可以直接处理厌氧消化液,不需要配水,厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺不适用.猪场废水厌氧消化液的碱度与氨氮浓度之比大多为3.82～6.90,因此,猪场废水厌氧消化液好氧后处理适宜采用厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺.通过数学模型作图显示,配水比例随着水力停留时间、SBR反应器数量、反应器中微生物浓度、滗水器工作能力以及亚硝化率的增加而减少,随着反应器运行周期的增加而增加.     

An experimental study on the influence of zeolite on changes of pH and alkalinity in anaerobic treatment of compost leachate

With the increase of urbanization, municipal solid waste has also increased. Therefore, the need for solid waste management is also increasing compared with earlier decades. Composting is a good option for the recycling of solid waste; however, it produces leachate, which requires proper treatment systems to prevent environmental degradation. Due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in compost leachate, anaerobic treatment is the best option for handling the effluent, and an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is one such anaerobic reactor that can be used for its treatment. Because of high ammonia and heavy metal concentrations, as well as the possibility of sludge washout in ABRs, it is important to use proper media, such as zeolite, which can reduce inhibition effects and sludge washout from the reactor. Anaerobic treatment, especially during the methanogenesis phase, is sensitive, and pH and alkalinity are parameters that influence the treatment. Therefore, adjusting these parameters within a normal range is very important to the proper functioning of anaerobic systems. In this study, a pilot‐scale ABR was used, and the last 4 of the 8 ABR compartments were filled with zeolite. The bioreactor was operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 3, 4, and 5 days, with zeolite filling ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%, and influent COD concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L). In this study, pH value was 6.43 ± 0.1, 6.96 ± 0.3, and 6.96 ± 0.25 at filling ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. According to the results, in all filling ratios, no significant changes were observed in the pH value when the organic loading rate increased and its amount was within a constant range. Influent alkalinity was equal to 2015 ± 510, 2884 ± 505, and 4154 ± 233 milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter (mg CaCO₃/L) at influent COD concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 mg/L, respectively, and in effluent, they were 2536 ± 336, 3379 ± 639, and 4377 ± 325 mg CaCO₃/L, respectively. The amount of alkalinity in the effluent increased compared with the alkalinity in the influent. The results show that the amount of alkalinity in the influent and effluent was similar, and the alkalinity enhancement was lower when the filling ratio was increased from 10% to 20%, and 20% to 30%. Comparisons of the results from zeolite with and without biofilm showed that, in cases of zeolite with biofilm, the amounts of silica and oxygen decreased and the amount of carbon increased, and it showed the formation of biofilm on the surface of zeolite. In addition, the absence of sodium in the zeolite with the biofilm indicated that sodium was exchanged with ammonium ions. According to the results, zeolite can be used in anaerobic reactors as a medium, and it also reduces fluctuations in pH and alkalinity at different organic loading rates, providing a normal range for anaerobic treatment.     

高氨氮废水半短程硝化控制及曝气经济性运行优化

本研究进水模拟了污泥消化液、晚期垃圾渗滤液等高氨氮低碱度低碳氮比的废水,在碱度缺乏（不足以实现完全短程硝化）条件下获得了稳定的半短程硝化,并通过曝气量和污泥浓度（MLSS）双因素调控,实现了半短程硝化的高效经济运行.研究表明,进水碱度缺乏条件下短程硝化体系出水亚硝氮/氨氮浓度比值y与进水HCO₃^-∶NH₄⁺物质的量的比x之间存在化学计量关系 y=x/（2-x）,当进水HCO₃^-∶NH₄⁺物质的量的比为1,即进水碱度/氨氮浓度（mg·L^-1）比值为3.6时可实现半短程硝化,并通过游离氨（FA）和游离亚硝酸（FNA）联合抑制能够实现稳态运行,亚硝酸盐积累率平均可达95%以上.实验探究了MLSS和曝气量对短程硝化反应器曝气经济性和氨氧化率的影响,通过平衡两因素作用,在保证处理效果的同时最大程度提升了反应系统的曝气经济性：当曝气量为36 L·h^-1和MLSS为2243 mg·L^-1时,反应器的曝气经济性较好,可节省约40%曝气量,且能维持较高的容积氨氮负荷（0.93 kg·m^-3·d^-1）.     

垃圾焚烧烟气中氯化氢的干法去除研究

采用干态固定床实验装置系统，研究去除垃圾焚烧炉烟气中HCl气体的主要影响因素及其规律。结果表明：选择适当的摩尔比α和颗粒度较细小的吸收剂，吸收效率和吸收剂利用率会提高；温度对净化效率影响不大；HCl气体浓度（ρHCl）对吸收剂的吸收效率（ηHCl）显著影响，ρHCl升高，则ηHCl增大；含有少量杂质的工业碱性废渣的利用率要大于纯化学试剂吸收剂；HCl气体排放标准在75mg／m^3时，可采用干法去除垃圾焚烧炉烟气中的HCl气体。