三峡库区小江回水区二氧化碳分压的时空变化特征分析

2009年9月～2010年4月在三峡库区与小江交汇的回水区的典型段面测量了该区域水体表层水和水体内部两部分水体中的有关物理化学参数，并利用这些水化学特征值通过水化学平衡模型计算出该区域水体CO2的分压。得出该区域水体中的CO2分压在一定时空范围内的变化特征。并对该区域有关水质参数与CO2的分压进行了相关性分析，得出其相关系数。指出了水体CO2分压与水体碳循环的关系。通过对三峡库区小江流域这一典型回水区域水体的CO2分压的分析研究，可望为三峡库区及其它同类型区域水体的二氧化碳分压研究提供一个分析案例，也为今后进一步从事水库温室效应的研究提供参考     

STABILITY AND REACH LENGTH IN WATER SURFACE PROFILE DETERMINATION1

ABSTRACT: Extension of basic step methods of backwater computation to reaches of finite length is examined. Accuracies of commonly accepted hydraulic loss equations under particular water surface profile conditions are compared. Simulation of energy lines within a reach by parabolic curves is found to minimize error provided orientation of the axis of the parabola is selected in accordance with prevailing hydraulic conditions. Theoretical basis for an index reach length beyond which single-step computation from end to end of the reach must be in error is developed. Reduction of this reach length by suitable factors tailored to hydraulic conditions yields a mathematically defined allowable reach length for backwater computation. When reach length does not exceed this allowable reach length, no significant error may be detected. Automatic insertion of synthetic cross sections interpolated between surveyed cross sections when these are inadvertently spaced too far apart enables computation to proceed. This device is error-free for prismatic channls but may introduce error for irregular natural channels. Preliminary trials indicate that results so obtained may be accepted provided the fall in the original reach does not exceed from one to two feet. When this is exceeded, additional cross sections should be surveyed.     

河流水环境容量安全边际研究

水环境容量安全边际是污染物总量控制的关键。运用河流二维稳态水质模型,计算大宁河回水区内COD环境容量,并采用一阶误差分析法分析模型关键参数对大宁河COD环境容量影响程度,科学计算大宁河水环境容量安全边际值。结果表明,三峡库区坝前水位175 m时,大宁河回水区内COD环境容量为729.06 t/a;模型参数对环境容量影响顺序为:背景浓度(C0)>混合区长度(x)=水深(h)>流速(u)=扩散系数(E)y>降解系数(K);大宁河回水区内安全边际值为84.06 t/a,占环境容量的11.53%。文章科学地计算大宁河回水区内COD环境容量安全边际,而非人为定性提出,为三峡库区河流水环境容量安全边际确定提供理论依据。     

三峡库区回水区营养盐和叶绿素a的时空变化及其相互关系

为探讨三峡水库调度运行背景下,库区回水区营养盐和叶绿素a时空变化及其相互关系,于2013年5月~2014年5月在三峡库区北岸最大、也是库区水华频发的支流——澎溪河的回水区高阳平湖进行了定点和高频监测.结果表明水体热分层是高阳平湖水华发生的诱导因素.高阳平湖水体热分层发生于春季(3月初),消亡于夏末(9月中旬),冬季没有分层.2014年春季,随着水体分层的发生和发展,表层叶绿素a在69 d内从14.92μg·L-1骤增至183.73μg·L-1,并暴发水华,之后叶绿素a随着混合层深度增加而下降.水体没有分层时,表、中和底层营养盐浓度相近;水体分层之后,各层磷浓度有了明显差异,表层和底层总磷浓度相差(0.18±0.04)mg·L-1.高水位期(9月至次年4月),高阳平湖硝氮和溶解性磷高于低水位期(5~8月)的含量,分别占总氮、总磷浓度的71.4%~95.4%和42.7%~94.4%,是总氮和总磷的主要组成部分,干流倒灌输入的硝氮和溶解性磷是其主要来源.     

Backwater Confluences of the Ohio River: Organic and Inorganic Fingerprints Explain Sediment Dynamics in Wetlands and Marinas

In the Ohio River (OR), backwater confluence sedimentation dynamics are understudied, however, these river features are expected to be influential on the system’s ecological and economic function when integrated along the river’s length. In the following paper, we test the efficacy of organic and inorganic tracers for sediment fingerprinting in backwater confluences; we use fingerprinting results to evidence sediment dynamics controlling deposition patterns in confluences used for wetland and marina functions; and we quantify the spatial extent of tributary drainages with wetland and marina features in OR confluences. Both organic and inorganic tracers statistically differentiate sediment from stream and river end‐members. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes produce greater uncertainty in fingerprinting results than inorganic elemental tracers. Uncertainty analysis of the nonconservative tracer term in the organic matter fingerprinting application estimates an apparent enrichment of the carbon stable isotopes during instream residence, and the nonconservativeness is quantified with a statistical approach unique to the fingerprinting literature. Wetland and marina features in OR confluences impact 42% and 11% of tributary drainage areas, respectively. Sediment dynamics show wetland and marina confluences experience deposition from river backwaters with longitudinally linear and nonlinear patterns, respectively, from sediment sources.     

三峡库区巫山段三期蓄水前后水质状况及其变化趋势研究

根据长江巫山段六个断面2005年和2007年枯、平、丰的水质监测结果,通过对培石断面2005年和2007年的对比,可以看出三期蓄水前后长江水质比较稳定,仍为Ⅱ类水质。通过对2005年和2007年培石断面的各实测指标比较分析可以看出DO、CODMn、BOD5、TP指标2007年均出现不同程度的下降,而NH3-N、TN则呈现升高的趋势。但各支流由于受干流回水顶托影响,水环境趋于复杂,部分河段出现水华现象,需引起高度重视。     

Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study1

Lu, Haorong, S. Samuel Li, and Jinsong Guo, 2012. Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12003 Abstract: Fluctuations in water submersion of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China have not been explored in spite of their important implications for shoreline erosion and other undesirable consequences. This article aims to quantify the monthly fluctuations in response to changing hydraulic parameters and regional climatic factors. Flow velocity and water levels distributed along the 609‐km long dammed river reservoir are calculated with a one‐dimensional hydrodynamics model. Evaporation of water from the surface of the reservoir is determined using mass transfer‐based methods. Calculated flow velocities and water levels compare well with field data. We show that the water surface slope decreases with rising water level at the dam, and decreases to almost zero during the winter months of water storage when the downstream water level reaches the normal pool level. The submersion area varies between 830 and 1,070 km² over the year or over 20% of the reservoir zone will experience the annual cycle of dry land and partial or complete submersion. These fluctuations are of relevance to shoreline management and to the prevention and restoration of shoreline erosion. Evaporation is estimated to fluctuate between 1,240 and 26,110 tons of water per month per kilometer length of reservoir channel; this can possibly affect the hydrological budget of the reservoir region. The simple methodologies discussed in this article can easily be applied to other dammed river reservoirs for submersion estimates.     

三峡水库运行初期小江回水区藻类群落季节变化特点

根据对三峡小江(澎溪河)回水区2007年5月～2008年5月藻类的跟踪观测,分析了在水库蓄水运行初期小江回水区藻类的群落结构组成和演替特点.结果发现藻类的细胞密度和生物量春季最高,冬季最低,细胞密度的最高值达到421.64×105cells·L-1,而最低值只有2.06×105cells·L-1;生物量的最高值是39231.84μg·L-1,而最低值为226.17μg·L-1.从2007年5月～2008年5月在小江共鉴定出藻类7门,101属,262种,其中绿藻51属占50.5%、硅藻22属占21.8%、蓝藻18属占17.8%,此外,甲藻4属、隐藻2属、裸藻3属、黄藻及其他1属.隐藻、小球藻、小环藻、栅藻、卵囊藻、衣藻、弓形藻、直链藻、冠盘藻和针杆藻是小江回水区段的常见藻属.星杆藻、直链藻、空星藻、小球藻、栅藻、集星藻、网球藻、鱼腥藻、束丝藻、平裂藻、角甲藻、多甲藻和隐藻等12个藻属是小江回水区不同季节的优势藻属.     

三峡库区澎溪河回水区溶解态金属离子来源和时空分布特征分析

以三峡库区北岸最大支流澎溪河的高阳平湖段为例,探讨随着调水方式导致的水位变化,三峡库区支流金属离子Ca、Zn、Fe、Cr、Pb、Cu和Hg等在时间、水平和垂直空间维度上的分布和动态.在2013年6月5日~2014年5月29日为期1 a的采样周期内于澎溪河长年回水区高阳平湖的4个采样点采样共21次,平均每17.3 d采集一次.水体样品分别采自水体表层(0~0.5 m)、中层和底层(底泥以上0.5 m).冬季水体不分层期间,中层样品采自水深1/2处,分层时则采自温跃层.应用RBR-80220型水质自动分析仪监测各样点水温、电导率、水深等数据.水样采用冷原子吸收法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定各金属质量浓度.运用Excel、SPSS软件进行数据统计分析;以Hg离子为例,利用Matlab软件构建各水位时期金属离子质量浓度分布三维柱状图.结果表明:(1)从水体可溶性金属离子质量浓度角度,澎溪河水质总体较好,Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Hg等离子均低于地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质标准相应离子质量浓度;(2)在来源上,Cr、Pb和Cu等离子来源于干流回水;Fe和Zn离子来源于澎溪河内源;Hg离子来源受干流回水和内源影响.金属离子随着温度分层出现质量浓度分层现象;(3)影响高阳平湖电导率的主要物质是非金属离子.     

三峡水库蓄水前后大宁河水体中营养盐时空分布及水质变化趋势探讨

通过分析历年监测资料,研究了三峡工程蓄水前后大宁河水质时空变化状况。结果表明：整体上三峡工程蓄水前后大宁河水质类别未发生变化,营养盐指标中氨氮较蓄水前有明显的下降;其它营养指标变化较复杂;从上游至下游,各营养盐指标呈上升趋势,较长江干流营养盐水平要低;另外受干流回水顶托,致使水流回水区流速变缓,部分河段出现了富营养化现象。