Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

大气氟化物对橡胶树的伤害实验研究

通过熏气模拟试验研究氟化氢气体对橡胶盆栽幼苗的影响。结果表明 :熏气后 ,橡胶苗出现典型受害症状 ,熏气浓度越高 ,受害越严重 ,叶片氟的积累量也越高。幼叶总是先于老叶受害 ,老叶对于氟的累积量高于幼叶 ;随着熏气浓度升高 ,电导率明显增加 ;熏气后 ,气孔发生变形 ,而且熏气浓度越高 ,变形越厉害 ;随叶片受害程度加大 ,叶片失绿 ,叶绿素含量降低。     

大气氟化物对橡胶树的伤害实验研究

通过熏气模拟试验研究氟化氢气体对橡胶盆载幼苗的影响。结果表明：熏气后，橡胶苗出现典型受害症状，熏气浓度越高，受害越严重，叶片氟的积累量也越高。幼叶总是先于老叶受害，老叶对于氟的累积量高于幼叶；随着熏气浓度升高，电导率明显增加；熏气后，气孔发生变形，而且熏气浓度越高，变形越厉害，随叶片受害程度加大，叶片失绿，叶绿素含量降低。     

砖厂废气污染对橡胶树光合生理特性的影响

选取砖厂废气排放方向种植的橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）品系＂云研77-2＂为研究对象,在距离砖厂200、400、600 m处设置3个研究点,研究分析砖厂排放废气污染对橡胶树光合参数的影响。结果表明：砖厂废气排放对3个不同距离处橡胶树叶片光合参数有显著影响（P〈0.05）。随着橡胶树与砖厂距离的缩近,即污染加剧,橡胶树叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、最大光合速率（Pmax）、光饱和点（LSP）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）和叶绿素含量（Chl）均呈下降趋势;最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）和最大荧光比（Fv/Fm）也下降,初始荧光（Fo）升高。该研究结果证明,砖厂废气污染对橡胶树光合生理特性有显著影响：相距砖厂600 m范围内,越靠近砖厂,橡胶树叶片光合特性越低。     

Sequestration of toxic Pb（II） ions by chemically treated rubber （Hevea brasiliensis ） leaf powder

Rubber leaf powder (an agricultural waste) was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its performance in the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was evaluated. The interactions between Pb(II) ions and functional groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The effects of several important parameters which can affect adsorption capacity such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial lead concentration and contact time were studied. The optimum pH range for lead adsorption was 4–5. Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g, almost 100% of Pb(II) ions (23 mg/L) could be removed. The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time, and relatively a short period of time (60–90 min) was required to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g. Three kinetic models including pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process, and the results showed that the pseudo second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99.