钻屑法测定煤层H_2S含量

为了测定煤层硫化氢(H2S)含量,防治矿井H2S涌出,提出一种通过钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量的方法。在未受采动影响的新鲜煤壁,采用钻屑法取样,通过测定煤样H2S解吸量、取样过程损失量和H2S残存量确定煤层H2S含量。根据溶于水中H2S的p H值和色谱分析解吸气体中H2S体积分数,确定H2S解吸量;根据煤样解吸规律和气样H2S体积分数,确定H2S损失量;根据色谱分析残存气体中H2S体积分数,确定其残存量。用此方法,对山西某矿H2S涌出煤层进行现场和实验室测定。研究表明,该矿H2S含量为(4.465~6.701)×10-3m3/t。钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量是可行的,可以为矿井H2S治理提供基础数据。     

红霉素对产甲烷菌的抑制及其驯化

红霉素是一类具有一定生物毒性的抗生素类药品,为探明红霉素对产甲烷菌的抑制作用及其可驯化能力,依次在厌氧瓶中进行厌氧毒性试验、在升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)中进行连续实验,测定累计甲烷产量、相对产甲烷速率、COD去除率、甲烷含量.结果表明,红霉素为150 mg.L-1时产甲烷速率降为56.1%;250 mg.L-1时反应速率降低99%以上,活性受到完全抑制.保持红霉素投加量为20 mg.L-1连续运行60 d,COD去除率、甲烷含量可达到81.4%、64.2%.红霉素对甲烷菌有抑制作用,半抑制浓度为150 mg.L-1.甲烷菌对红霉素有一定的驯化能力,驯化60 d后COD去除率、甲烷含量较未驯化时可提高15.13%、22.05%.     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.     

Unregulated emissions from diesel engine with particulate filter using Fe-based fuel borne catalyst

The alteration and formation of toxic compounds and potential changes in the toxicity of emissions when using after-treatment technologies have gained wide attention. Volatile organic compound（VOC）, carbonyl compound and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon（PAH） emissions were tested at European Steady State Cycle（ESC） to study unregulated emissions from a diesel engine with a fuel-borne catalyst and diesel particulate filter（FBC–DPF）. An Fe-based fuel-borne catalyst was used for this study. According to the results, brake specific emissions of total VOCs without and with DPF were 4.7 and4.9 mg/kWh, respectively, showing a 4.3% increase. Benzene and n-undecane emissions increased and toluene emission decreased, while other individual VOC emissions basically had no change. When retrofitted with the FBC–DPF, total carbonyl compound emission decreased 15.7%, from 25.8 to 21.8 mg/kWh. The two highest carbonyls, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, were reduced from 20.0 and 3.7 to 16.5 and 3.3 mg/kWh respectively. The specific reactivity（SR） with DPF was reduced from 6.68 to 6.64 mg/kWh. Total particle-phase PAH emissions decreased 66.4% with DPF compared to that without DPF. However, the Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent（BaPeq） with DPF had increased from 0.016 to 0.030 mg/kWh.Fluoranthene and Pyrene had the greatest decrease, 91.1% and 88.4% respectively. The increase of two- and three-ring PAHs with DPF indicates that the fuel-borne catalyst caused some gas-phase PAHs to adsorb on particles. The results of this study expand the knowledge of the effects of using a particulate filter and a Fe-based fuel-borne catalyst on diesel engine unregulated emissions.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic groups differ in affecting host plants along heavy metal levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are important components of soil microbial communities,and play important role in plant growth. However, the effects of AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） on host plant under various heavy metal levels are not clear. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to compare symbiotic relationship between AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） and host plant functional groups（herbs vs. trees, and non-legumes vs. legumes） at three heavy metal levels. In the meta-analysis, we calculate the effect size（ln（RR）） by taking the natural logarithm of the response ratio of inoculated to non-inoculated shoot biomass from each study. We found that the effect size of Glomeraceae increased, but the effect size of non-Glomeraceae decreased under high level of heavy metal compared to low level. According to the effect size, both Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae promoted host plant growth, but had different effects under various heavy metal levels. Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than non-Glomeraceae did under heavy metal condition, while non-Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than Glomeraceae did under no heavy metal. AMF phylogenetic groups also differed in promoting plant functional groups under various heavy metal levels.Interacting with Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under high heavy metal level, while trees and legumes grew better than herbs and non-legumes did under medium heavy metal level. Interacting with non-Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under no heavy metal. We suggested that the combination of legume with Glomeraceae could be a useful way in the remediation of heavy metal polluted environment.     

造纸干粉和糠醛渣对盐碱地小麦生长的影响

文章通过在江苏省东台市黄海原种场布置田间试验,研究施用造纸干粉和糠醛渣对滨海盐碱地土壤的调理改良作用及对小麦生长的影响。与对照相比,施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣处理土壤pH均显著降低(P<0.05),而土壤全N含量也显著提高(P<0.05),其中施加造纸干粉处理土壤全K含量显著提高(P<0.05),而施加糠醛渣处理土壤全P含量显著提高(P<0.05)。施加造纸干粉处理小麦地上部和地下部生物量分别提高了49%和93%,平均产量由117 g/m2提高到158 g/m2;而施加糠醛渣处理小麦地上部和地下部生物量则分别显著提高了169%和176%(P<0.05),平均产量亦显著提高至361 g/m2(P<0.05)。此外,对照处理小麦籽粒过高的全P含量(5.5 g/kg)与过低的全K含量(3.2 g/kg)在施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣后均得到显著改善(P<0.05)。结果表明,施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣均可缓解盐碱胁迫对小麦生长及籽粒品质的影响,其中糠醛渣的调理效果优于造纸干粉。     

紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗特征及影响因素

采用环刀法研究了紫色丘陵区不同碎石含量弃土弃渣下垫面的入渗特征及影响因素.结果表明,不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗性能随碎石含量的增加而差异显著,其中,碎石含量为40%的弃土弃渣下垫面初始入渗率、稳定入渗率及平均入渗率分别是土质弃渣下垫面的1.30、1.13和1.54倍.不同下垫面初始入渗率和稳定入渗率与弃渣初始含水率、容重呈显著负相关,与下垫面总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关.其中,初始入渗率与初始含水率相关系数在-0.689~-0.912之间,稳定入渗率与容重相关系数为-0.745~-0.999,且稳定入渗率随非毛管孔隙度增加而显著提高.Horton模型对不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗率与时间拟合的可决系数在0.899以上,且Horton模型计算入渗率与实测入渗率的相对误差在0.07%~6.60%之间,是紫色丘陵区分析不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗过程的适宜性模型.研究结果可为紫色丘陵区弃土弃渣水土流失量预测和评价提供技术参数.     

基于我国西南地区儿童行为模式的IEUBK模型本地化研究

IEUBK(Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children)模型是美国环保署开发并推荐使用的儿童铅暴露风险评价模型,该模型的本地化是将其应用到我国的基础.本研究通过对儿童行为模式参数的敏感性分析,确定了儿童血铅含量对以手口接触为主要方式的土壤/灰尘暴露途径最为敏感.以我国西南Y省某污染区域为试点地区,采用问卷调查和环境介质分析等方法,对IEUBK模型中的儿童行为模式参数、环境介质铅浓度参数、土壤和灰尘摄入量参数进行了本地化.采用本地化后的模型预测了相邻的G省某重金属冶炼项目投产前及投产后5、10和20 a的儿童血铅含量,其几何平均值分别为5.28、5.77、6.03和6.32μg·dL-1;如果直接引用基于美国的模型默认参数,预测出的20 a后儿童血铅含量偏低61.39%.     

萍乡市土壤中重金属离子含量、空间分布及其变化趋势研究

以江西省萍乡地区土壤为研究对象,分析研究了萍乡市土壤中重金属离子的含量及空间分布特征,并初步估算了重金属离子累积现速率和加速度.结果表明:萍乡市土壤整体环境质量较好,但随着社会经济的快速发展,工农业生产等人为活动对土壤的影响越来越大.从空间分布来看,在全市5个县区布置的52个采样点中,共有24个测点的重金属离子含量超标.其中上栗县有10个测点的重金属离子含量超标,明显多于其他县区,出现了与其他县区不同的污染特征.     

火焰原子吸收法测定水样中铜与锌含量的探讨

本文主要针对火焰原子吸收法测定水样中铜与锌的含量展开了探讨,通过结合具体的实验作了系统研究,并对实验的结果作了详细的阐述和深入的讨论,以期能为有关方面的需要提供有益的参考和借鉴。