Investigation into the effect of high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in anaerobic digestion on methanogenic communities

A study was conducted to determine whether differences in the levels of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in anaerobic digester plants could result in variations in the indigenous methanogenic communities. Two digesters (one operated under mesophilic conditions, the other under thermophilic conditions) were monitored, and sampled at points where VFA levels were high, as well as when VFA levels were low. Physical and chemical parameters were measured, and the methanogenic diversity was screened using the phylogenetic microarray ANAEROCHIP. In addition, real-time PCR was used to quantify the presence of the different methanogenic genera in the sludge samples. Array results indicated that the archaeal communities in the different reactors were stable, and that changes in the VFA levels of the anaerobic digesters did not greatly alter the dominating methanogenic organisms. In contrast, the two digesters were found to harbour different dominating methanogenic communities, which appeared to remain stable over time. Real-time PCR results were inline with those of microarray analysis indicating only minimal changes in methanogen numbers during periods of high VFAs, however, revealed a greater diversity in methanogens than found with the array.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯影响阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆能力的分子机制研究

为探究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）影响阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠学习记忆能力的分子机制,将56只SPF级5~6周龄雌性Wistar大鼠随机平均分为7组：阴性对照组、0.25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 DBP组、2.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 DBP组、25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 DBP组、250 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 DBP组、AD模型组和AD+25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 DBP组.连续灌胃处理28 d,观察Morris水迷宫结果,检测脑海马组织中活性氧（ROS）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）的含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR （qPCR）检测Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-3 mRNA的转录水平;通过免疫印迹试验（Western blot）检测Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-3的蛋白表达水平.结果表明,与阴性对照组相比,不同染毒组、DBP组大鼠的学习记忆能力下降,氧化应激水平上升,且随DBP染毒浓度升高而加剧（p<0.05,p<0.01）;AD+25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 DBP组较AD模型组大鼠的学习记忆能力损伤加剧,氧化应激水平和Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3信号通路上调,差异具有统计学意义（p<0.05）.由此推测,DBP可通过氧化应激作用,上调Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3信号通路,加剧AD大鼠海马组织的损伤,导致学习记忆能力下降.本文通过DBP影响AD大鼠学习记忆能力的分子机制研究,揭示了氧化应激对凋亡信号通路的作用,并为进一步研究DBP的毒性提供了理论和数据依据.     

基于STC12C5410AD的电铃无线控制系统

针对传统电铃采用单一作息时间表进行专线控制的缺点,设计了一种能无线控制、又能同时存储多个作息时间表的电铃控制系统．该系统用无线代替专线,存储有多个时间表,在季节变更时通过控制器自动变换表,解决了传统电铃控制系统中的专线成本高、维修难、季节变换需要人工改表的问题．图5,表2,参4．     

Isolation and characterization of atrazine-degrading Arthrobacter sp. AD26 and use of this strain in bioremediation of contaminated soil

A bacterial strain (AD26) capable of utilizing atrazine as a sole nitrogen source for growth was isolated from an industrial wastewater sample by enrichment culture. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified AD26 as an Arthrobacter sp. PCR assays indicated that AD26 contained atrazine-degrading genes trzN and atzBC. The trzN gene of AD26 only differs from the trzN of Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 by one base (A→T at 907) and one amino acid (Met→Leu at 303). The specific activity of trzN of AD26 in crude cell ext...     

Effect of Fenton pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater and olive mill solid waste in mesophilic conditions

The olive mill waste (OMW) generated from olive oil extraction process constitutes a major environmental concern owing to its high organic and mineral matters and acidic pH. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a main treatment for reducing the organic matter and toxic substances contained in OMW and generating at the same time, energy in the form of biogas. AD of OMW that contains lignocellulose is limited by the rate of hydrolysis due to their recalcitrant structure. This study is devoted to the effect of Fenton process (FP) pretreatment on olive mill wastewater (OMSW) /olive mill solid waste (OMWW) co-digestion to improve their digestibility and in this way the biogas production. The FP pretreatment was performed in batch mode at 25°C, various H₂O₂/[Fe²⁺] ratios (100–1200), catalyst concentration ([Fe²⁺]) ranging from 0.25 to 2 mM, reaction time varying from 30 to150 min, and different pH (3–11). The best performance was obtained with H₂O₂/[Fe²⁺] = 1000, [Fe²⁺] = 1.5 mM, 120 min, and pH 3. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests conducted in batch wise digester and at mesophilic conditions (37 °C) showed that cumulative biogas and methane production were higher without FP treatment, and correspond to 699 and 416 mL/g VS, respectively. However, pre-treated OMSW results into an increase of 24% of methane yield. After 30 days of AD, the methane yield was 63%, 54%, and 48%, respectively, for OMSW treated without iron precipitation, with iron precipitation and untreated OMSW sample.     

LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow

An intense waste management (WM) planning activity is currently undergoing in England to build the infrastructure necessary to treat residual wastes, increase recycling levels and the recovery of energy from waste. From the analyses of local WM strategic and planning documents we have identified the emerging of three different energy recovery strategies: established combustion of residual waste; pre-treatment of residual waste and energy recovery from Solid Recovered Fuel in a dedicated plant, usually assumed to be a gasifier; pre-treatment of residual waste and reliance on the market to accept the ‘fuel from waste’ so produced. Each energy recovery strategy will result in a different solution in terms of the technology selected; moreover, on the basis of the favoured solution, the total number, scale and location of thermal treatment plants built in England will dramatically change. To support the evaluation and comparison of these three WM strategy in terms of global environmental impacts, energy recovery possibilities and performance with respect to changing ‘fuel from waste’ market conditions, the LCA comparison of eight alternative WM scenarios for a real case study dealing with a large flow of municipal wastes was performed with the modelling tool WRATE. The large flow of waste modelled allowed to formulate and assess realistic alternative WM scenarios and to design infrastructural systems which are likely to correspond to those submitted for approval to the local authorities. The results show that all alternative scenarios contribute to saving abiotic resources and reducing global warming potential. Particularly relevant to the current English debate, the performance of a scenario was shown to depend not from the thermal treatment technology but from a combination of parameters, among which most relevant are the efficiency of energy recovery processes (both electricity and heat) and the calorific value of residual waste and pre-treated material. The contribution and relative importance of recycling and treatment/recovery processes change with the impact category. The lack of reprocessing plants in the area of the case study has shown the relevance of transport distances for recyclate material in reducing the efficiency of a WM system. Highly relevant to the current English WM infrastructural debate, these results for the first time highlight the risk of a significant reduction in the energy that could be recovered by local WM strategies relying only on the market to dispose of the ‘fuel from waste’ in a non dedicated plant in the case that the SRF had to be sent to landfill for lack of treatment capacity.     

降解除草剂阿特拉津的藤黄微球菌AD3菌株的分离、鉴定和降解特性研究

用富集培养法从农药厂的工业废水和污泥的混合物中分离到能够降解除草剂阿特拉津的AD3菌株,通过16SrRNA基因序列分析和Biolog细菌自动鉴定仪微量平板测定,该菌株被鉴定为藤黄微球菌(Micrococcusluteus).在以阿特拉津为唯一氮源(500μg·mL-1)的基本培养基中,AD3菌株能在48h内使阿特拉津降解97%以上.对AD3菌株和Pseudomonassp.ADP菌株的阿特拉津氯水解酶基因中间区的核苷酸序列和对应氨基酸序列进行比对结果表明,它们的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列分别有5个位点和4个位点不同,核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列的类似性分别为99.1%和97.7%.     

城市生活垃圾厌氧消化的熵分析

在城市生活垃圾厌氧消化的整个过程中,从熵的角度出发,对其进行分析,得出如下结论:(1)在厌氧消化的前处理系统(收集、分选及底物强化等)中,收集是一个熵增过程,分选是一个熵减过程,而预处理强化则是一个熵减过程(。2)通过以葡萄糖为发酵底物的发酵过程的ΔG的分析可知:在水解产酸阶段,ΔGθ<0,反应自发进行,故该过程的ΔS﹥0,即该过程是一个熵增过程;在产氢产乙酸阶段,ΔS<0,故这是一个熵减过程,但后续反应对氢的利用则可能使该阶段变为一个熵增过程;在产甲烷阶段,ΔGθ<0,反应均自发进行,故该过程的ΔS﹥0,即该过程是一个熵增过程(。3)城市生活垃圾厌氧发酵产物的资源化利用是一个熵增过程(。4)分选、溶胞强化、产氢产乙酸及发酵产物的资源化利用等工序可能成为厌氧消化的限速步骤。     

Distributed generation by energy from waste technology: A life cycle perspective

Municipal Solid Waste in general and its organic fraction in particular is a potential renewable and non-seasonal resource. In this work, a life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two future scenarios using biogas produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) to supply energy to a group of dwellings, respectively comprising distributed generation using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-CHP systems and condensing boilers. The London Borough of Greenwich is taken as the reference case study. The system is designed to assess how much energy demand can be met and what is the best way to use the digestible waste for distributed energy purposes.The system is compared with two alternative scenarios fuelled by natural gas: a reference scenario, where the electricity is supplied by the grid and the heat is supplied from condensing boilers, and a fuel cell micro-CHP system. The results show that, although OFMSW alone can only supply between 1% and 4% of the total energy demand of the Borough, a saving of ∼130 tonnes of CO₂ eq per year per dwelling equipped with micro-CHP is still achievable compared with the reference scenario. This is primarily due to the surplus electricity produced by the fuel cell when the micro-CHP unit is operated to meet the heat demand. Use of biogas to produce heat only is therefore a less desirable option compared with combined heat and power production. Further investigation is required to identify locally available feedstock other than OFMSW in order to increase the proportion of energy demand that can be met in this way.