CaO/SiO2对流化床焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属挥发的影响

对掺煤混烧的流化床焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属在气相(吸收率)中和固相(固定率)中的分布进行了研究,并采用HNO3-NaOH2级吸收方式对气相重金属进行了吸收.结果表明,CaO/SiO2(摩尔比)对重金属的迁移行为有重要影响,CaO/SiO2降低,Cd、Pb固定率总体呈上升趋势;2级吸收对气相重金属的吸收有限,大部分重金属主要溶解在HNO3吸收液中,但NaOH吸收液对Cr的吸收效果好于HNO3吸收液;氯对重金属的挥发有重要影响,当重金属以氯化物形式存在时,其挥发受到SiO2的限制.随着SiO2含量增加,挥发率降低.     

添加剂影响CaO固硫反应活性的动力学分析

采用热分析法研究了Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃和MnCO₃作为添加剂对CaO固硫反应过程的影响,用等效粒子模型对固硫反应过程进行表征,求得了其固硫反应动力学参数.结果表明:MnCO₃与Fe₂O₃对CaO固硫反应的作用机理相同,能提高固硫反应速率常数、产物层有效扩散系数和钙的转化率.通过计算等动力学温度、活化能大小可以判断添加剂对固硫反应活性影响的趋势,但不能准确衡量添加剂对固硫反应活性的贡献;对应温度下的反应速率常数和产物层有效扩散系数更能准确反映添加剂对固硫反应的影响大小.非化学计量金属氧化物通过高温下氧离子、金属离子较强的扩散特性来催化固硫表面化学反应和促进产物层扩散反应.根据不同添加剂的作用机理和对固硫反应的不同控制阶段的影响规律,针对添加剂发挥作用的温度特性和化学反应计量关系复合掺入添加剂,可进一步提高固硫剂转化率.     

过氧化钙去除水中糖皮质激素的响应面分析

结合响应面方法Box-Behnken实验设计,对过氧化钙降解代表性糖皮质激素曲安奈德过程中的影响因素（过氧化钙投加量、溶液初始pH值、反应时间、糖皮质激素初始浓度）进行了探讨与分析,并对反应条件进行了优化.得出最优反应条件为：过氧化钙投加量4g/L;溶液初始pH值5.7,反应时间15.7min,初始TA浓度为0.06mmol/L.最优条件下模型预测的目标物降解率（88.6%）和实验得出的降解率（82.8%）数值接近,说明此响应面模型能够较准确预测过氧化钙对糖皮质激素的去除效果,并用电子顺磁共振仪对过氧化钙降解有机物过程中的作用自由基进行了检测.研究结果对过氧化钙技术去除有机污染物的发展有一定的参考价值.     

基于RSM模型对污泥联合调理的参数优化

研究了CaO、PAFC联合表面活性剂(1227)预处理对污泥脱水性能的影响,以污泥滤饼含水率(WC)和毛细吸水时间(CST)作为评价指标进行单因素实验,得出药剂投加量的最佳范围.然后通过以响应曲面优化法(RSM)为依据的Box-Behnken实验,建立了滤饼含水率和CST减少率二次多项式预测模型,进而得到联合调理的最佳工艺参数.结果表明,联合调理能够明显提高污泥的脱水性能,CaO、PAFC和1227的最佳药剂量分别为42.00,60.40,80.89mg/g,此条件下滤饼含水率为(68.30±0.26)%,CST减少率为(87.30±0.32)%.同时,在最优条件下进行了验证实验,结果与模型预测值基本吻合,表明基于响应曲面法所得的最佳工艺参数准确可靠,对相关污泥处理及条件优化具有一定的指导意义.     

钢渣膨胀性的实验

钢渣具有高碱度的特点,当碱度>2时转炉渣中的氧化钙将有一部分以游离氧化钙的形式存在。游离氧化钙是造成转炉渣膨胀的主要因素。本试验采用压蒸法测定了高炉渣和转炉渣的膨胀性,考虑了粒度和陈化时间对转炉渣膨胀性的影响,为高炉渣和转炉渣的应用提供依据。     

添加CaO对燃煤重金属元素富集效果的影响

选取CaO作为吸附剂,探究了不同燃烧温度下添加CaO对重金属元素在燃煤灰渣中富集效果的影响规律。实验结果表明:添加CaO对重金属元素Cr未起到富集作用,而对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb 7种重金属元素的富集效果显著;随燃烧温度的升高,CaO对各赋存形态的Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As的富集效果先变好而后变差,对各赋存形态的Cd和Pb的富集效果越来越好;CaO添加比(预处理后的CaO颗粒与预处理后的原煤的质量比)越大,CaO对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb的富集效果越好,燃烧温度为850℃时的最佳CaO添加比为4%。     

CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气体组成的影响

利用固定床反应器,选用CaCO_3和SiO_2为添加剂,进行了生活垃圾催化热解实验研究,结果表明,CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解中的催化作用比SiO_2更加明显。为此,研究了不同CaCO_3添加量对热解可燃气产量的影响,探讨了CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解过程中的催化作用机理,重点分析了CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气中CH_4和CO的影响机理。通过对比分析生活垃圾中添加不同量CaO的热解实验结果,得出CaCO3的催化作用主要在于其分解产物CaO促进了垃圾的二次热解,以及CO_2与C的还原反应。     

CaO2促进MFC同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水的效能

为了提高剩余污泥降解效能和废水中六价铬还原效能,研究了CaO₂对微生物燃料电池同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水的影响,考察了不同CaO₂投加量下微生物燃料电池阳极剩余污泥的降解效能、阴极六价铬的还原效能及产电效能.结果表明,当阳极室CaO₂投加量分别为0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8gCaO₂/gVSS时,运行120h后,阴极六价铬还原率分别为73.38%,78.91%,99.47%,97.70%,97.04%,96.37%,运行30d后,阳极剩余污泥TCOD降解率分别为72.4%,76.9%,81.0%,78.2%,75.7%,74.2%.证明投加CaO₂后,六价铬还原率和TCOD降解率都有提高.当投加量为0.2gCaO₂/gVSS时处理效能最好,输出电压最大为1.15V.六价铬还原率提高了36.08%,TCOD降解率提高了11.88%.此外,投加CaO₂后微生物燃料电池电化学活性有所提高,表明CaO₂投加对电池电子传递过程有促进作用.结果说明CaO₂有利于提高对微生物燃料电池同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水效能.     

Woody biomass and RPF gasification using reforming catalyst and calcium oxide

This study focused on steam gasification and reforming of waste biomass using a reforming catalyst. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the durability of a commercial Ni reforming catalyst and the effect of CaO on the reforming behavior, and to clarify detailed factors of catalytic performance, as well as the effect of operating parameters on the characteristics of produced gas composition. Moreover, catalyst regeneration was carried out and the behavior of catalytic activity based on gas composition was investigated. Using a fluidized bed gasifier and a fixed bed reformer, gasification and reforming of waste biomass were carried out. Commercial Ni-based catalyst and calcined limestone (CaO) were applied to the reforming reaction. Temperature of the gasifier and reformer was almost 1023 K. Ratio of steam to carbon in the feedstock [mol mol⁻¹] and equivalence ratio (i.e., ratio of actual to theoretical amount of oxygen) [-] were set at about 2 and 0.3, respectively. The feed rate of the feedstock into the bench-scale gasifier was almost 15 kg h⁻¹. The results of waste biomass gasification confirmed the improvement in H₂ composition by the CO₂ absorption reaction using the reforming catalyst and CaO. In addition, CaO proved to be especially effective in decreasing the tar concentration in the case of woody biomass gasification. Catalytic activity was maintained by means of catalyst regeneration processing by hydrogen reduction after air oxidation when woody biomass was used as feedstock.     

Enhanced heavy metal immobilization in soil by grinding with addition of nanometallic Ca/CaO dispersion mixture

This study investigated the use of a nanometallic Ca and CaO dispersion mixture for the immobilization of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr and Pb) in contaminated soil. Simple grinding achieved 85-90% heavy metal immobilization, but it can be enhanced further to 98-100% by addition of a nanometallic Ca/CaO dispersion mixture produced by grinding. Observations using SEM-EDS elemental maps and semi-quantitative analysis showed that the amounts of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb measurable on the soil particle surface decrease after nanometallic Ca/CaO treatment. The leachable heavy metal concentrations were reduced after nanometallic Ca/CaO treatment to concentrations lower than the Japan soil elution standard regulatory threshold: <0.01 mg L⁻¹ for As, Cd, and Pb; and 0.05 mg L⁻¹ for Cr. Effects of soil moisture and pH on heavy metal immobilization were not strongly influenced. The most probable mechanisms for the enhancement of heavy metal immobilization capacity with nanometallic Ca/CaO treatment might be due to adsorption and entrapment of heavy metals into newly formed aggregates, thereby prompting aggregation of soil particles and enclosure/binding with Ca/CaO-associated immobile salts. Results suggest that the nanometallic Ca/CaO mixture is suitable for use in immobilization of heavy-metal-contaminated soil under normal moisture conditions.