内源电子受体产生及其在抑制富磷剩余污泥释磷行为中的应用

根据生物脱氮除磷系统产生的富磷剩余污泥含有硝化细菌和生产废水含有高浓度氨氮的特点,将生产废水中的氨氮转化为硝酸盐(内源电子受体),并将获得的内源电子受体利用在富磷剩余污泥浓缩过程,同步实现内源电子受体反硝化及其抑制富磷剩余污泥释磷行为。结果表明,将富磷剩余污泥(excess activated sludge,EAS。EAS1是在好氧方式下添加,EAS2是在缺氧方式下添加)与生产废水(reject water)按4种比例(Ⅰ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶85%∶0%;Ⅱ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶80%∶5%;Ⅲ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶75%∶10%;Ⅳ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶65%∶20%)混合曝气用于产生内源电子受体时,最佳硝化时间均为12 h,可将液相中的氨氮分别由初始的(113.16±0.85)mg/L、(117.18±4.39)mg/L、(129.48±4.85)mg/L及(142.53±0)mg/L降至(0.74±0.41)mg/L、(0.45±0.15)mg/L、(0.41±0.15)mg/L及(0.38±0.08)mg/L;同时,硝酸盐氮分别由初始的(7.48±7.91)mg/L、(12.87±5.81)mg/L、(12.87±5.81)mg/L及(13.55±6.18)mg/L升为(128.37±11.03)mg/L、(141.43±12.71)mg/L、(148.01±14.84)mg/L及(146.22±7.53)mg/L。内源电子受体可将重力浓缩过程中释磷量分别削减85%、63%、64%及83%,同时使得由生产废水回流引起的氨氮积累量分别减少89.25%、69.93%、74.31%及85.40%。在整个内源电子受体产生及其应用于抑制污泥释磷阶段,TN去除率分别为39.59%、44.54%、51.86%及57.33%。上述内源电子受体胁迫条件下的浓缩过程中,不仅可以有效降低由重力浓缩释磷引起的磷积累量,且可同步实现减少由生产废水回流引起的氨氮积累量。     

Groundwater contamination and natural attenuation capacity at a petroleum spilled facility in Korea

As a remedial option, the natural attenuation capacity of a petroleum contaminated groundwater at a military facility was examined. Hydrogeological conditions, such as high water level, permeable uppermost layer and frequent heavy rainfall, were favorable to natural attenuation at this site. The changes in the concentrations of electron acceptors and donors, as well as the relevant hydrochemical conditions, indicated the occurrence of aerobic respiration, denitrification, iron reduction, manganese reduction and sulfate reduction. The calculated BTEX expressed biodegradation capacity ranged between 20.52 and 33.67 mg/L, which appeared effective for the reduction of the contaminants levels. The contribution of each electron accepting process to the total biodegradation was in the order: denitrification > iron reduction > sulfate reduction > aerobic respiration > manganese reduction. The BTEX and benzene point attenuation rates were 0.0058-0.0064 and 0.0005-0.0032 day^-1, respectively, and the remediation time was 0.7-1.2 and 2.5-30 years, respectively. The BTEX and benzene bulk attenuation rates were 8.69 × 10^-4 and 1.05 × 10^-3 day^-1, respectively, and the remediation times for BTEX and benzene were 7.2 and 17.5 years, respectively. However, most of the natural attenuation occurring in this site can be attributed to dilution and dispersion. Consequently, the biodegradation and natural attenuation capacities were good enough to lower the contaminants levels, but their rates appeared to be insufficient to reach the remediation goal within a reasonable time frame. Therefore, some active remedial measures would be required.     

以预处理剩余污泥为燃料MFC产电性能及不连续供电的可行性

为探讨微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)处理经预处理后剩余污泥的可行性以及不连续供电能力,采用双室MFC,以剩余污泥热处理上清液为基质进行启动和运行,通过改变电池阴极电子受体而导致电势差变化来监测其产电的运行稳定性.结果表明,反应器以氧气作为阴极电子受体148 h后启动成功,最大输出电压0.24 V,将阴极电子受体换为铁氰化钾时,能获得0.66 V的最大输出电压和4.21 W·m~(-3)的最大功率密度.当将阴极电子受体分别替换为氧气或者开路,又转换为铁氰化钾后,电池输出功率恢复迅速,电池对有机物去除效率基本不受影响,对化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮去除效率分别达70%和80%.本研究表明,利用预处理剩余污泥进行MFC处理和产电是可行的,可获得较高的功率密度,同时MFC可以实现不连续供电.     

厌氧氨氧化电子受体的研究

在无机条件下,以该课题组已经培养出来的厌氧氨氧化污泥作为接种污泥,分别以硫酸盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体来研究氨的氧化反应。从去除速率的角度来看,以NO2--N、NO3--N和SO42--S为电子受体的反应器,分别在运行的第24.5天、40天和31天时达到0.030 0 kg/(m.3d)NH4+-N去除速率,则氧化氨的能力由大到小依次是:亚硝酸盐>硫酸盐>硝酸盐;从标准吉布斯自由能变化来看,3种反应都是可以发生的;以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反应过程是一个消耗酸度的生物过程,而以硫酸盐为电子受体的反应过程是一个消耗碱度的生物过程。     

Reaction pathways of dimethyl phthalate degradation in TiO2-UV-O2 and TiO2-UV-Fe(VI) systems

The photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in aqueous TiO₂ suspension under UV illumination has been investigated using oxygen (O₂) and ferrate (Fe(VI)) as electron acceptors. The experiments demonstrated that Fe(VI) was a more effective electron acceptor than O₂ for scavenging the conduction band electrons from the surface of the catalyst. Some major intermediate products from DMP degradation were identified by HPLC and GC/MS analyses. The analytical results identified dimethyl 3-hydroxyphthalate and dimethyl 2-hydroxyphthalate as the two main intermediate products from the DMP degradation in the TiO₂–UV–O₂ system, while in contrast phthalic acid was found to be the main intermediate product in the TiO₂–UV–Fe(VI) system. These findings indicate that DMP degradation in the TiO₂–UV–O₂ and TiO₂–UV–Fe(VI) systems followed different reaction pathways. An electron spin resonance analysis confirmed that hydroxyl radicals existed in the TiO₂–UV–O₂ reaction system and an unknown radical species (most likely an iron–oxo species) is suspected to exist in the TiO₂–UV–Fe(VI) reaction system. Two pathway schemes of DMP degradation in the TiO₂–UV–O₂ and TiO₂–UV–Fe(VI) reaction systems are proposed. It is believed that the radicals formed in the TiO₂–UV–O₂ reaction system preferably attack the aromatic ring of the DMP, while in contrast the radicals formed in the TiO₂–UV–Fe(VI) reaction systems attack the alkyl chain of DMP.     

芳香酯类富勒烯衍生物的制备及光电性能研究

以PCBM为初始原料,经过水解、酯化反应,生成3类富勒烯衍生物,采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(1H NMR和13C NMR)、元素分析仪、质谱(MS)对产物结构进行了表征;并通过紫外可见光谱、循环伏安法等手段研究了目标物的光学与电化学性能,结果表明,目标物PCBTE、PCBBE、PCB(4-MOB)M的LUMO能级分别为-3.91 V、-3.88 V、-3.94 V。     

COD/TP比及NO_2~--N/TP对短程反硝化聚磷的影响

污水中COD/TP比和NO2--N/TP比对A/A/OSBR反硝化聚磷工艺运行有重要的影响。实验结果表明:随着COD/TP比值的增加,厌氧释磷增加、厌氧释磷速率提高。但当COD/TP比值为28.5时,过剩的碳源进入缺氧段,反硝化菌利用外碳源消耗,抑制了缺氧吸磷过程;当COD/TP比值为21时,合成的PHB不足,缺氧吸磷效率下降,而且长期在较低COD/TP比条件下运行,激发了聚糖菌与聚磷菌的竞争,聚磷菌处于竞争的劣势,反硝化聚磷能力最终消失;当COD/PO43--P为25时,短程反硝化聚磷效果最佳。NO2--N/TP比与COD/TP的比值相关联,在COD/TP=25的条件下,合适的NO2--N/TP比为3。当NO2--N/PO43--P为5时,SBR上一周期剩余的NO2-会影响厌氧释磷过程。当NO2--N/TP为1.8时,NO2-不足,会使反硝化聚磷过程不完全。     

不同电子受体除磷污泥相似性与菌群结构研究

分别以硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氧气为电子受体,采用3组SBR反应器培养除磷污泥,连续126d的稳定运行表明:以硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氧气为电子受体除磷污泥对TP平均去除率分别为84.8%, 78.7%, 87.4%,出水TP平均浓度分别为0.758, 0.931, 0.632mg/L.采用高通量测序技术对不同电子受体除磷污泥的相似性与菌群结构进行了研究,结果表明,以硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷污泥具有近似的菌群结构,与好氧除磷污泥菌群结构差异较大.基于各样品主导OTUs序列的系统发育关系及其比例的分布,主导微生物主要可以分为5个簇.通过序列比对,在97%的序列相似度条件下,种泥中聚磷菌与聚糖菌序列比例为0.716%与0.368%,以硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氧气为电子受体除磷污泥中聚磷菌与聚糖菌序列比例分别为1.78%, 2.53%, 4.80%与1.44%, 1.32%, 30.9%,厌氧-缺氧条件有利于抑制聚糖菌.亚硝酸盐为反硝化除磷污泥电子受体时潜在公共卫生安全隐患.     

反硝化除磷机理及电子受体研究进展

介绍了生物除磷的Comeau-Wentzel模式,这种模式在某种程度上能够解释生物除磷的机理,因此PAOs释磷和吸磷的Comeau-Wentzel模式被借鉴用以分析反硝化除磷的机理。在此基础上,总结近年来反硝化除磷的研究成果,阐述电子受体NOx-对反硝化除磷的影响:在厌氧区,只有当NO3-浓度较高时,厌氧释磷的效果才会受到影响;在缺氧区,硝酸盐能够做为反硝化除磷的电子受体,但硝酸盐浓度过高会明显降低磷去除速率;亚硝酸盐同样能够作为反硝化除磷的电子受体,前提是亚硝酸盐不超过临界抑制浓度。     

微氧条件下自养-异养联合反硝化工艺的电子平衡分析

自养-异养联合反硝化(integrated autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification,IAHD)工艺可以同时进行硫化物,硝酸盐和有机物的降解,作为工业废水处理的关键单元近年来受到广泛关注.引入微量氧气作为电子受体的微氧技术已被证明是强化IAHD运行效能的有效策略.本研究关注于IAHD工艺的电子平衡计算并发现了IAHD生物反应器在微氧条件下运行时利用有限的硝酸盐可将硫化物和乙酸盐完全转化去除.在IAHD序批实验中,当电子缺失率达到峰值55. 1%时,硫化物、硝酸盐和乙酸盐去除效率和去除速率均最高.进一步的硫化物氧化间歇实验表明,电子得失不平衡现象发生在生物硫化物氧化过程中,当氧气含量为5 m L和10 m L时,电子缺失率分别为18. 7%和38. 2%. Illumina微生物群落测序结果表明,Thiobacillus、Thauera、Mangroviflexus和Erysipelothrix为硫氧化过程的主要占优属,其中Thiobacillus的相对丰度随着电子缺失率的增加而增加.本研究揭示了微氧条件下电子受体缺失现象与强化的IAHD运行效能之间的潜在联系,并为深入探讨硫、氮和有机碳的代谢机制提供了新的研究视角.