Difference in the net value of ecological services between natural and artificial forests in China

Land degradation is a global problem that seriously threatens human society. However, in China and elsewhere, ecological restoration still largely relies on a traditional approach that focuses only on ecological factors and ignores socioeconomic factors. To improve the effectiveness of ecological restoration and maximize its economic and ecological benefits, a more efficient approach is needed that provides support for policy development and land management and thereby promotes environmental conservation. We devised a framework for assessing the value of ecosystem services that remain after subtracting costs, such as the opportunity costs, costs of forest protection, and costs for the people who are affected by the program; that is, the net value of ecosystem services (NVES). To understand the difference between the value of a resource and the net value of the ecosystem service it provides, we used data on VES, timber sales, and afforestation costs from China's massive national afforestation programs to calculate the net value of forest ecosystem services in China. Accounting for the abovementioned costs revealed an NVES of ¥6.1 × 10¹² for forests in 2014, which was 35.9% less than the value calculated without accounting for costs. As a result, the NVES associated with afforestation was 55.9% less than the NVES of natural forests. In some regions, NVES was negative because of the huge costs of human-made plantations, high evapotranspiration rates (thus, high water opportunity costs), and low forest survival rates. To maximize the ecological benefits of conservation, it is necessary to account for as many costs as possible so that management decisions can be based on NVES, thereby helping managers choose projects that maximize both economic and ecological benefits.     

秦皇岛市4种常见绿化植物滞尘效应研究

通过对秦皇岛市4种常见绿化植物的叶片滞尘量、单株滞尘能力及相关因素的研究,发现绿化植物单位叶面积的滞尘量最大可以相差2.5倍左右,树种叶片滞尘能力的大小排序为：国槐＞悬铃木＞金银木＞连翘,单株滞尘能力的大小排序为：悬铃木＞国槐＞金银木＞连翘;绿化植物的滞尘量与环境中粉尘含量成正比,树木滞尘能力还与叶片表面性状、叶面积指数及植物所处环境等因素有关。     

排水造林对小兴安岭湿地土壤溶解性有机碳生物降解和淋溶的影响

以小兴安岭湿地为研究对象,分析了不同年代排水造林的森林沼泽湿地土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量变化及生物降解特征,探讨了排水造林时间对土壤DOC及无机氮(NH+4-N+NO-3-N)淋溶动态变化的影响.结果表明:1排水造林时间对土壤DOC含量变化影响显著(p0.05).2003年(PS03)、1992年(PS92)、1985年(PS85)排水造林后的人工兴安落叶松湿地土壤DOC含量均低于未排水造林的天然兴安落叶松苔草湿地(XATC),且排水造林时间越长,土壤DOC含量越少.2在生物降解过程中,土壤DOC的变化趋势表现为初期降解速率较快,而后逐渐减慢并趋于稳定.其中周转时间为1 d的易降解DOC所占比重表现为:PS92XATCPS03PS85,表明排水时间达到一定阈值后,易降解DOC部分可能会转化为难降解部分.3在淋溶过程中,随着淋溶次数的增加,淋出液中DOC含量呈现为先增加后减小的趋势,淋溶1 d后,不同年代排水造林的森林沼泽湿地土壤DOC的淋失率表现为:PS85PS92PS03XATC,表明排水造林时间越长,土壤DOC淋失率越大,因此长时间的排水造林改造可能进一步影响土壤养分的贮量及其有效性.     

香根草系统在宁合高速公路边坡防护上的试验

研究了宁合高速公路南京段易塌方地段土壤的基本性质，探讨了该地段频繁塌方的原因，以及香根草在该地区引种的情况。研究表明，香根草在该地区生长良好，有较强的适应性，并可在短时期内在边坡上形成稠密的绿蓠，既绿化了边坡，又能有效控制水土流失和稳定边坡。这一廉价的生物工程技术为香根草系统在该地区公路边坡防护上的应用和推广奠定了基础。     

森林平均覆盖率与公路水毁因子的关系

通过对公路水毁因子数据和森林平均覆盖率数据的分析 ,研究公路水毁因子和森林平均覆盖率的相关关系 ,求出公路水毁因子和森林平均覆盖率的回归方程 ,从而为公路建设、养护、营运中的问题提供了定量分析的理论依据     

Will Simplified Modalities and Procedures Make More Small-Scale Forestry Projects Viable Under the Clean Development Mechanism?

Simplified modalities and procedures (M&P) are expected to increase the viability of small-scale project activities under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A small-scale afforestation or reforestation (AR) project is defined as a project removing less than 8 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) per year. Depending on the project type and the method for measuring scale, 8 kilotons of CO₂e per year correspond to highly diverse areas, possibly ranging from 200 to 6000 ha. Using a model to calculate the minimum project scale above which the CDM is a positive financial incentive for eligible AR project activities, the paper analyzes whether a reduction of transaction costs under simplified M&P will be a sufficient incentive to motivate small-scale participation in the CDM. Model results show that, even under optimistic assumptions on carbon market conditions and transaction costs, small-scale project activities will not benefit from simplified M&P. Results also show that project activities removing more than 8 kilotons of CO₂e per year and registered as small-scale would be the ones that could benefit the most from simplified M&P. It is concluded that the participation of small-scale project activities to the CDM requires more than simplified M&P, the price of expiring Certified Emission Reductions being one of the most critical parameters.     

持续提高黄土高原植被水土保持功能的配套技术(Ⅱ)造林与经营配套技术

阐明了能使防护林体系水土保持功能达到持续和稳定提高的造林和经营配套技术     

我国人工林生态系统的水成本核算

健康的生态系统能够提供水土保持、防风固沙、涵养水源、调节气候、减少环境污染、增加游憩地与文化保护等良好的生态服务价值。然而,生态环境修复与建设不仅需要巨大的经费投入,也需要占用大量的自然资源。为了正确理解人工造林活动的成本问题,论文用7种蒸散发模型首次对我国1949年以来人工造林和自然植被恢复的耗水量及人工造林耗水量的机会成本进行计算,初步了解人工修复活动对水资源供给的影响。结果显示,1952—2011年我国人工造林累计耗水量比自然修复多767×10⁸ m³,水机会成本累计536×10⁸元。为了维护生态平衡,生态修复（尤其是人工修复）和经济活动都应关注水资源的成本问题,通过不同措施的成本效益比较,最大限度地降低生态修复成本,这是修复生态学需要面对的重要科学问题之一。     

北京山区植被恢复建设对流域径流量影响研究

植被恢复是山区保持水土资源、恢复生态环境的关键措施.为探究植被恢复对流域产水量的影响,以密云水库集水区红门川森林流域为研究对象,采用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验、基于分离评判原理的水文分析法、Zhang(2001)模型等方法,定量分析了1989－2009年间北京山区气候及森林变化对流域径流量的影响.研究结果表明:红门川流域年降水及产流性降水量在研究时段内均呈波动下降趋势(P>0.05);流域年径流呈显著性减少趋势,且年径流量在1998 年前后发生减少突变(P<0.01);气候变化对红门川流域径流减少贡献率为43%,植被恢复建设导致的森林数量及质量变化对流域径流减少贡献率为18.6%,其他人类活动影响贡献率为38.4%.综合比较得知,与植被恢复建设相比,降水减少对山区产水量减少影响更大.研究结果可为北京山区森林流域水土资源规划及管理提供参考.     

Carbon sequestration of black locust forests in the Yellow River Delta region,China

The Yellow River Delta region in China is a land area of 1,200,000 ha with rich natural resources. Adverse environmental conditions, such as low rainfall and high salinity, promote the dominance of black locust trees for afforestation. With the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere, this forest and others throughout the world have become valued for their ability to sequester and store carbon. Forests store carbon in aboveground biomass (i.e. trees), belowground biomass (i.e. roots), soils and standing litter crop (i.e. forest floor and coarse woody debris). There are well-developed methods to sample forest ecosystems, including tree inventories that are used to quantify carbon in aboveground tree biomass. Such inventories are used to estimate the types of roundwood products removed from the forest during harvesting. Based on standard plot inventories and stem analyses, carbon sequestration estimates of trees were 222.41 t ha^?1 for the Yellow River Delta region accounted for 67.12% of the whole forest. Similarly, carbon storage by herbaceous matter and soil was 0.50 and 50.34 t ha^?1, respectively. The results suggest that carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystem was performed by most of the forest, which plays an increasingly important role in sequestering carbon as the stand grows.