三门湾近海有机污染对浮游细菌群落的影响

近海污染问题日趋严重,因此亟需评价污染对海洋环境造成的潜在影响.微生物作为对环境变化的首要响应者,可能作为评价污染水平的指示生物.为此,本文采集三门湾和邻近鱼山保护区共21个站点的表层海水,利用Illumina技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,对比研究有机污染对浮游细菌群落的影响.三门湾的有机污染(A)为4.57±2.41,显著(P0.001)高于鱼山保护区0.43±0.74.三门湾和鱼山保护区的浮游细菌多样性和群落结构差异显著,其中三门湾水域的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)、SAR406的相对丰度显著高于鱼山保护区,而拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度低于鱼山保护区.多元回归树分析(multivariate regression tree,MRT)发现浮游细菌多样性主要受pH、有机污染和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的影响,分别控制了27.7%、15.6%和6.7%的多样性变异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis)结果表明驱动细菌群落变异环境因子为有机污染、pH和盐度(salinity),共解释了14.8%的群落变异.同时,空间距离与细菌群落组成显著相关,解释了4.42%的变异,表明浮游细菌的空间分布不是随机的.此外,本研究筛选到与有机污染状况显著相关的23个细菌科,各科相对丰度的变化与其已知的生态功能特征相吻合,因此可以作为潜在的有机污染指示种群.本实验结果表明近海有机污染显著地改变了浮游细菌群落结构,特别是潜在病原菌丰度的增加;此外,筛选到敏感指示种群用于评估有机污染程度.     

富营养化水体中微囊藻、菌、病毒数量关系初步研究

通过测定铜绿微囊藻、菌、病毒的数量以及总磷、总氮的浓度变化,研究了富营养化水体中藻、菌、病毒之间的数量关系。结果表明:病毒和第二天的藻细胞数呈显著负相关(r=-0.655,P0.01),其显著水平高于与当天藻细胞数的相关性(r=-0.578,P0.05),菌和第二天的藻也具有显著负相关性(r=-0.500,P0.05),回归分析表明,病毒的波动能够解释51.9%的藻细胞数的变化,菌的波动能够解释46.4%的藻细胞数的变化,藻细胞数与菌数的回归方程的确定系数低于藻细胞数与病毒数的确定系数。此外,藻和总磷存在极显著负相关性(r=-0.747,P0.01),病毒和总磷之间存在极显著正相关(r=0.857,P0.01)。上述结果说明,浮游病毒和浮游细菌丰度是影响藻类数量的重要因子,且富营养化水体中的浮游病毒可以通过裂解宿主细胞而加速了磷元素的循环。     

Decrease of NH4+-N by bacterioplankton accelerated the removal of cyanobacterial blooms in aerated aquatic ecosystem

We used aerated systems to assess the influence of the bacterioplankton community on cyanobacterial blooms in algae/post-bloom of Lake Taihu, China. Bacterioplankton community diversity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) fingerprinting. Chemical analysis and nitrogen dynamic changes illustrated that NH4+-N was nitrified to NO2-N and NO3-N by bacterioplankton. Finally, NH4+-N was exhausted and NO3-N was denitrified to NO2-N, while the accumulation of NO2-N indicated that bacterioplankton with completely aerobic denitrification ability were lacking in the water samples collected from Lake Taihu. We suggested that adding completely aerobic denitrification bacteria(to denitrify NO2-N to N2)would improve the water quality. PCR-DGGE and sequencing results showed that more than 1/3 of the bacterial species were associated with the removal of nitrogen, and Acidovorax temperans was the dominant one. PCR-DGGE, variation of nitrogen, removal efciencies of chlorophyll-a and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the bacterioplankton significantly influenced the physiological and biochemical changes of cyanobacteria. Additionally, the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means revealed there was no obvious harm to the microecosystem from aeration. The present study demonstrated that bacterioplankton can play crucial roles in aerated ecosystems, which could control the impact of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophicated fresh water systems.     

亚热带城市河流浮游细菌群落的季节演替及构建机制

细菌是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,在污染物降解、物质循环和能量流动等方面扮演着重要角色.然而亚热带城市河流细菌群落的季节演替和构建机制(确定性和随机性过程)仍不明晰.以流溪河及广州珠江段为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序分析探讨了不同季节(丰水期和枯水期)水体细菌群落的变化及其构建机制.结果表明：不同季节水体细菌群落的组成存在显著差异,丰水期,变形菌门和异常球菌-栖热菌门的丰度更高;而枯水期,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的丰度更高.细菌群落的α和β多样性同样具有显著的季节差异,T、NH₄⁺-N、TOC、pH、EC、DO、NO₃^--N和DSi是影响细菌群落季节变化的主要环境因子.水体细菌群落的生态网络具有典型的模块化结构,物种间以正相关作用(合作关系)为主,且丰水期物种间的合作关系强于枯水期.随机性过程主导了细菌群落的构建,尤其以扩散限制贡献最大,且细菌群落在枯水期面临的扩散限制要高于丰水期.     

大亚湾浮游细菌的变性梯度凝胶电泳分析

于2010年12月以及2011年6月采集了大亚湾9个站点的表层水样,利用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对浮游细菌DNA指纹进行了分析.结果显示,大亚湾海域浮游细菌DNA指纹比较丰富,冬季和夏季样品中分别共得到32条和33条条带,每个样品得到的条带数为18~25条.DNA指纹的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度(J)的变化范围分别为2.48~2.88和0.80~0.93.DNA指纹条带数与温度和盐度明显正相关,而与p H、DO、透明度呈明显负相关关系.结果说明PCR-DGGE技术可以在一定程度上反映细菌的群落结构和多样性,但需要与其他技术相结合方能较全面反映细菌的结构与功能.     

Dynamics of Bacterial Abundance,Biomass, Activity,and Community Composition in the Oligotrophic Traunsee and the Traun River (Austria)

The holomictic Traunsee is the deepest and second largest lakein Austria. The special characteristic of this ecosystem isthe fact that local salt and soda industries presumably alterthe lake by the discharge of waste materials. Since thebeginning of the 20th century salt and soda works areannually releasing up to 50,000 tons of solid wastes and up to150,000 tons of chloride into Traunsee. To assess potentialeffects of these anthropogenic impacts on the bacterioplanktonthree sampling sites, influenced as well as not influenced bythe industrial discharge, were chosen for comparison andsampled monthly from November 1997 to October 1998. Bacterialabundance ranged between 0.4 to 3.0 × 10⁶ cells ml^-1 with decreasing numbers along the depth profile. Theproportion of actively respiring bacteria, i.e. INT [2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride]reducing cells, never exceeded 10% of DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stained cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to examine the seasonal and spatial distribution of dominant phylogenetic groups of thebacterioplankton. Up to 84% of bacteria detected with DAPIcould be detected via FISH applying the universal bacterialprobe EUB338. Percentages of alpha- and beta-Proteobacteriaand members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster did notexceed 60% of DAPI-stained cells.Beta-Proteobacteriaappeared to be the most abundant group, not only in Traunsee butalso in two reference lakes, Attersee and Hallstättersee. No significant differences in any of the bacterial parameters couldbe detected between the three sampling sites and all measurementswere found in the range reported for oligotrophic lakes. The highdischarge of the Traun River, resulting in a lake water renewaltime of only one year, may diminish possible effects of industrial waste discharge in the pelagic zone.     

赤水河流域浮游细菌群落特征及其与水质的关系

赤水河是茅台酒酿造用水的水源地,其环境承载能力和水质质量与该流域微生物的群落息息相关,而目前赤水河浮游细菌群落组成、功能及其与水质之间的关系研究开展较少.本研究以茅台酒厂采水点为中心,在其上中下游设置了W1~W6共6个采样点,采用16S rDNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究了赤水河浮游细菌群落的组成及其功能.结果表明浮游细菌群落主要由55门、167纲、415目、706科、1431属组成,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和马赛菌属（Massilia）是相对优势种群.此外,W1和W3采样点样品与其他采样点样品相比,群落组成差异较大.冗余分析表明COD_Mn、COD和DO是影响群落组成的显著因素（p<0.05）,其与NH₃-N、pH、TN、Novosphingobium、Stenotrophomona和Pontibacter等参数是该流域浮游细菌群落网络的重要节点.使用PICRUSt2软件对该水源地微生物群落的功能进行预测,结果显示其功能主要涉及代谢（metabolism）、环境信息处理（environmental information processing）、遗传信息处理（genetic information processing）等6类生物代谢通路和碳水化合物代谢（carbohydrate metabolism）、氨基酸代谢（amino acid metabolism）、能量代谢（energy metabolism）、辅助因子和维生素的代谢（metabolism of cofactors and vitamins）等46个子功能.本研究探明了赤水河浮游细菌群落组成和功能及其与环境因子的相互联系,丰富了赤水河地区的第一手研究资料,为改善其水域环境提供了参考.     

南昌市湖泊丰水期浮游细菌群落结构及影响因素

浮游细菌群落对城市湖泊中的营养元素循环及有机质分解发挥着重要作用.基于高通量测序技术,对南昌市湖泊浮游细菌群落结构的时间(4、6和8月)和城郊差异及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明：(1)南昌湖泊浮游细菌优势类群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 41.60%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 22.29%)、蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria, 16.21%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 10.17%).(2)南昌湖泊细菌群落结构在4、6和8月间存在显著差异,但在城区湖泊与郊区湖泊间不存在显著差异;以Proteobacteria(4月>6月>8月)和Cyanobacteria(6月>8月>4月)为主的10种菌门的丰度在3个月份间存在显著差异;6月菌群结构的相似性会随地理距离的增加产生明显的减小趋势,4月和8月的减小趋势不明显.(3)在降水偏多的6月,湖泊非淡水细菌的占比显著高于4月和8月,城区湖泊与郊区湖泊的非淡水细菌占比没有显著差异.(4)确定性过程主导了湖泊细菌群落的构建,随机过程对湖泊菌群构建的贡献较低;水温是影响南昌湖泊细菌...     

Seasonal Variation of Inorganic Nutrient Uptake by Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton in Jiaozhou Bay,North China

The distribution patterns and factors affecting uptake rates and turnover times of dissolved inorganic nutrients by heterotrophic bacterioplankton (HB) in Jiaozhou Bay were studied based on in situ surveys and laboratory culturing. The uptake rates of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) by HB are limited by the temperature of the water and the concentration of dissolved organic carbon. The turnover times of DIP and DIN by HB are regulated by the concentrations of the nutrients and the numbers of HB, which show significant spatiotemporal variability in Jiaozhou Bay. HB may aggravate the P-limitation of phytoplankton by competing for phosphorus in summer in Jiaozhou Bay. HB play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and may increase the N:P ratio and the accumulation of DIN, thereby accelerating the imbalance of the N:P ratio in Jiaozhou Bay.     

南海南部海域浮游细菌群落特征及影响因素研究

采用高通量测序技术,对南海南部海域浮游细菌丰度、群落组成和群落多样性的分布特征及与环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明,该研究区域浮游细菌丰度为107~108个/L,近岸大于离岸,同一站位不同水层细菌分布差异明显.优势类群为变形菌门、蓝藻门和拟杆菌门,优势亚群为 γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、蓝藻菌纲和黄杆菌纲,研究区域内不同水体间物种组成存在较大差异,另外该海域还存在大量未被认知的细菌类群.该海域浮游细菌种类丰富,具有较高的多样性指数(H￠)(4.44~7.00),研究区域内表层水体H￠接近,分别为5.26、5.33和5.07,处于上升流的次表层水体中H￠为6.70明显高于其他水层.DOC和磷酸盐是影响该海域浮游细菌丰度的主要因素,同时磷酸盐也是影响其群落多样性的主要因素,表明该海域异养浮游细菌生长主要受P的限制.