研究海洋环境质量生物标准的意义及其内容

阐述研究制订海洋环境质量生物标准的必要性和重要意义，介绍生物标准应用的概况和国际上应用的鱼贝类污染物含量标准。依据海洋污染研究进展和我国海洋监测管理水平，探讨我国生物标准制订的内容，提出宜选用海洋双壳类，以有毒污染物含量以及微生物污染指标和赤潮毒素等为主要内容，研究制订适应我国国情的生物标准     

Using lysosomal membrane stability of haemocytes in Ruditapes philippinarum as a biomarker of cellular stress to assess contamination by caffeine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine and novobiocin

Although pharmaceuticals have been detected in the environment only in the range from ng/L to g/L, it has been demonstrated that they can adversely affect the health status of aquatic organisms. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) has previously been applied as an indicator of cellular well-being to determine health status in bivalve mussels. The objective of this study is to evaluate LMS in Ruditapes philippinarum haemolymph using the neutral red retention assay (NRRA). Clams were exposed in laboratory conditions to caffeine (0.1, 5, 15, 50 μg/L), ibuprofen (0.1, 5, 10, 50 μg/L), carbamazepine and novobiocin (both at 0.1, 1, 10, 50 μg/L) for 35 days. Results show a dose-dependent effect of the pharmaceuticals. The neutral red retention time measured at the end of the bioassay was significantly reduced by 50% after exposure to environmental concentrations (p < 0.05) (caffeine = 15 μg/L; ibuprofen = 10 μg/L; carbamazepine = 1 μg/L and novobiocin = 1 μg/L), compared to controls. Clams exposed to these pharmaceuticals were considered to present a diminished health status (retention time < 45 min), significantly worse than controls (96 min) (p < 0.05). The predicted no environmental effect concentration (PNEC) results showed that these pharmaceuticals are very toxic at the environmental concentrations tested. Measurement of the alteration of LMS has been found to be a sensitive technique that enables evaluation of the health status of clams after exposure to pharmaceuticals under laboratory conditions, thus representing a robust Tier-1 screening biomarker.     

Arsenic in Two Taiwanese Bivalves,Crassostrea Gigas (Thumberg) and Meretrix Lusoria Röding

Abstract

Arsenic, one of the most toxic elements, is present naturally in marine organisms at much higher concentrations than in terrestrial organisms. the arsenic contents in two marine bivalves, Crassostrea gigas (Thumberg) and Meretrix lusoria Röding, from Taiwan were investigated. the total arsenic content of C. gigas (33.7–60.5 μg g^?1) is higher than that of M. lusoria (30.2–34.6 μg g^?1). These two bivalves from Lu-kang contain more arsenic in soft tissues than specimens from other areas (significant at 1%, t-test). On the other hand, samples from Pen-hu contain less arsenic than those from other areas (significant at 5%). the arsenic contents of other Indo-Pacific bivalves are also given for comparison.     

香港汀角红树植物、沉积物及双壳类动物重金属含量

汀角有香港面积最大的硬底质红树林,作者调查了该红树林区沉积物、红树植物以及双壳类动物体内重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni)的含量.总体看,沉积物中重金属含量与其他地点相比较低,红树植物根际沉积物中重金属含量高于光滩.红树植物组织内重金属含量较低,体内Pb、Zn的含量均低于根际沉积物,但对Cu、Ni有一定的富集,Cu可在根部和叶内富集,而Ni只在根部富集,并束缚于此.双壳类动物对4种重金属的吸收存在较大差异,Zn、Cu的富集明显高于Pb和Ni的富集程度.5种动物中又以岩蠔最高,体内的Zn、Cu分别达到3913, 378mg/g.从重金属含量看,作为食用动物有一定的风险.     

对二甲苯降解产物对海洋双壳类的急性毒性

为评价微藻降解海水中对二甲苯（PX）的生物安全性,测定了PX降解生成的3种中间产物（对甲基苯甲酸、对甲基苯甲醇和对甲酚）对2种海洋双壳类（菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤）的半致死浓度（LC₅₀）,并计算相应的安全浓度.根据国际海事组织（IMO）“海洋环境保护专家组（GESAMP）提出的化学品危害评估程序判断,对甲基苯甲醇（96h LC₅₀=305.67和560.34mg/L）和对甲基苯甲酸（96h LC₅₀>340mg/L）对2种双壳类的急性毒性等级均为“实际无毒”;对甲酚对菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤分别具有“低毒”和“无毒”（96h LC₅₀=77.95和1271.74mg/L）.对甲酚对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性高于文蛤,可能与其在蛤仔体内易于蓄积有关.总体上看,与母体化合物PX（96h LC₅₀>162mg/L）相比,这些中间产物对双壳类的毒性较低,而毒性稍高的对甲酚仅在PX生物降解开始后的短时间内（2~4d）存在,因此,利用微藻降解PX对海洋双壳类具有较好的安全性.对甲基苯甲醇、对甲酚对双壳类的安全浓度分别为70.42和12.10mg/L;但是,对甲基苯甲酸的安全浓度无需给出,因为海水中该化学品的浓度等于其溶解度时,96h内未见双壳类死亡.为全面评价基于微藻的PX污染海域修复技术的生物安全性,今后应加强中间产物对海洋鱼类、甲壳类的毒性研究.     

Experimental Verification of a New Method for Biotesting Freshwater Bodies by Determining Metallothionein Contents in the Organs and Tissues of Bivalve Mollusks

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

文蛤谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统对北部湾沉积物中可提取态重金属的响应

为识别海洋双壳类谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统对滨海沉积物重金属可提取态和总量的响应特征差异,分析了北部湾潮间带沉积物中不同形态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr的质量分数,文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)鳃组织中w(GSH)(GSH为还原型谷胱甘肽)、w(GSSG)(GSSG为氧化型谷胱甘肽)、GPx(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)和GST(谷胱甘肽硫转移酶)活性,并计算w(GSH)/w(GSSG)、tGSH(总谷胱甘肽)含量和OSI(氧化逆境指数). 结果表明:w(TE-Pb)(TE-Pb为可提取态Pb,下同)、w(TE-Cr)、w(TE-Cu)、w(TE-Zn)和w(TE-Cd)平均值分别为13.40、1.93、13.19、30.09和0.10mg/kg; w(TE-Cd)占w(T-Cd)(T-Cd为总Cd,下同)的60.2%~98.1%,并且主要为弱酸溶解态和有机物及硫化物结合态;部分采样点w(TE-Pb)和w(TE-Zn)较高,二者占w(T-Pb)和w(T-Zn)的平均值分别为44.6%和56.6%;Cr、Cu分别在全部或大多数采样点以残渣态为主,可提取态含量平均仅占总量的17.9%和36.5%. 重金属的可提取态质量分数与总量的空间分布基本一致(Cr除外). 文蛤鳃中w(GSH)、w(GSSG)分别为4.07~6.06、4.01~6.59mg/g. 抗氧化指标对沉积物中重金属总量和可提取态质量分数均有显著响应的为w(GSSG)与Cd,w(GSH)/w(GSSG)与Cr和Cd,OSI与Cr和Cd. 然而,w(GSH)/w(GSSG)和OSI只对w(T-Zn)有良好响应;GST只与w(TE-Cu)、w(TE-Zn)显著相关. 某些抗氧化指标对重金属总量和可提取态质量分数表现出不同程度的响应,因此,不能单独依据双壳类对重金属总量的生化响应特征来筛选用于沉积物综合毒性评价的生物标志物.      

An Evaluation of Bivalves as Biomonitors of Heavy Metals Pollution in Marine Waters

Heavy metals (namely Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Ni, and Ag) that are present at concentrations common in ambient marine waters can cause adverse effects in shellfish. Such effects can significantly impact the trophic structure of a biological community. Heavy metals uptake is dependent on both geochemical and biological factors. In bivalves, the extent of accumulation is a function of several biotic and abiotic variables. Based on several criteria, (including: an ability to accumulate metals without suffering mortality, habitation within, and continuous exposure to, the contaminated matrix, hardiness, and ease of sampling) bivalve molluscs have proven to be useful biomonitors for a host of inorganic contaminants. It is essential that the biomonitoring plan is not only site specific, but that it considers the use of indigenous species whenever possible. This paper will provide a general review of studies that have employed bivalved shellfish as sentinel bioindicators in marine environments impacted by heavy metals, and give suggestions for conducting biomonitoring assays.     

对二甲苯降解产物对海洋双壳类的急性毒性

为评价微藻降解海水中对二甲苯（PX）的生物安全性,测定了PX降解生成的3种中间产物（对甲基苯甲酸、对甲基苯甲醇和对甲酚）对2种海洋双壳类（菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤）的半致死浓度（LC₅₀）,并计算相应的安全浓度.根据国际海事组织（IMO）“海洋环境保护专家组（GESAMP）提出的化学品危害评估程序判断,对甲基苯甲醇（96h LC₅₀=305.67和560.34mg/L）和对甲基苯甲酸（96h LC₅₀>340mg/L）对2种双壳类的急性毒性等级均为“实际无毒”;对甲酚对菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤分别具有“低毒”和“无毒”（96h LC₅₀=77.95和1271.74mg/L）.对甲酚对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性高于文蛤,可能与其在蛤仔体内易于蓄积有关.总体上看,与母体化合物PX（96h LC₅₀>162mg/L）相比,这些中间产物对双壳类的毒性较低,而毒性稍高的对甲酚仅在PX生物降解开始后的短时间内（2~4d）存在,因此,利用微藻降解PX对海洋双壳类具有较好的安全性.对甲基苯甲醇、对甲酚对双壳类的安全浓度分别为70.42和12.10mg/L;但是,对甲基苯甲酸的安全浓度无需给出,因为海水中该化学品的浓度等于其溶解度时,96h内未见双壳类死亡.为全面评价基于微藻的PX污染海域修复技术的生物安全性,今后应加强中间产物对海洋鱼类、甲壳类的毒性研究.     

近江牡蛎热休克蛋白70基因对三丁基锡的响应

为研究TBT(Tributyltin,三丁基锡)在双壳贝类HSP70s(热休克蛋白70)分子的高表达响应,以近江牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)为材料,用不同质量浓度(0、10-2、10-1、100、101、102、103 ng/L)的TBT对近江牡蛎处理不同时间(12、24、48、96、192 h)后,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测其3种器官(消化腺、外套膜和鳃)中HSP70和HSC70基因mRNA的表达水平. 结果显示:10-1～102 ng/L的TBT能诱导近江牡蛎HSP70和HSC70基因mRNA水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其表达水平均为先升后降,在96 h达到峰值;103 ng/L的TBT也能诱导近江牡蛎HSP70和HSC70基因显著高表达(P<0.05),但随着处理时间延长,mRNA表达出现抑制现象. 能诱导HSP70和HSC70基因表达水平显著高于对照(P<0.05)的TBT临界浓度均在10-2~10-1 ng/L范围内,可见2种基因对TBT的响应灵敏度高且相同,反应强度也没有显著差异(P>0.05). 3种器官对TBT的响应灵敏度也相同,但在消化腺和鳃中的响应强度都极显著(P<0.01)高于外套膜. 研究表明,近江牡蛎HSP70和HSC70基因对极低质量浓度的TBT就有高表达响应,可以作为TBT污染的早期预警指标;近江牡蛎较适宜的指示器官是消化腺和鳃,其次是外套膜.