镉铅对小麦醇脱氢酶(ADH)基因表达影响的初步研究

经过镉，铅４５ｈ污染处理，运用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｉｎ斑点杂分析和酶活性测定的方法探测萌发期小麦ＡＤＨ酶基因的表达情况。实验结果表明，ＡＤＨ基因表达在ＲＮＡ和酶活性两个层次均有变化，并且呈现相似的变化趋势，反映得金属的影响是来源于基因转录水平。     

Enzymatic degradation of poly([R,S] β-hydroxybutyrate)

The synthetic analogue of a bacterially produced polyester, poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was synthesized from racemic -butyrolactone using anin situ trimethyl aluminum-water catalyst. The polymer was fractionated into samples differing in molecular weight and isotactic diad content. The latter was closely related to degree of crystallinity. The biodegradation of these fractions were examined by monitoring mass loss over time in the presence of anAlcaligenes faecalis T1 extracellular bacterial poly(-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase. The fraction with high isotactic diad tacticity content showed little or no degradation over a 50 hour incubation period, whereas the fraction of intermediate isotactic diad content degraded in a continuous steady fashion at a rate that was less than that for bacterial PHB. The low isotactic diad fraction underwent a rapid initial degradation, followed by no further mass loss. The presence of stereoblocks in the polymer structure of the various fractions was an influence on the degree of susceptibility towards degradation and is related to sample crystallinity.     

Effect of fipronil on biogas production performance during anaerobic digestion of chicken manure and corn straw

Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has a good control effect on pests of commercial poultry. Although many studies have reported the environmental fate of fipronil, the influence of residual fipronil in poultry waste on biogas production has not been further explored yet. In this article, an experimental comparative study on anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) and corn straw (CS) with different fipronil concentrations (FCs) was carried at 8% of total solid (TS) and mid-temperature (35?±?1)°C. The results showed that fipronil had a significant effect on biogas production during AD of CM and CS. When the FC is at a low level (≤10?mg·kg^?1), the biogas production rate is increased and the digestion period was shortened, while higher FC (≥ 20?mg·kg^?1) showed an inhibitory effect. During the monitoring of enzyme activity, low FC showed no significant effect on cellulase and saccharase, but the urease activity increased in the early stage. High FC showed inhibition of activity of cellulase and urease, but the saccharase activity was significantly inhibited until FC reached 40?mg·kg^?1. This study also confirms that the environment in anaerobic digester is favorable for the degradation of fipronil, and its half-life is about 15.83?days.     

黏土矿物原位修复镉污染稻田及其对土壤氮磷和酶活性的影响

分别以黏土矿物坡缕石和海泡石作为钝化材料,对重金属镉污染的酸性水稻土壤进行原位钝化修复田间示范试验,考察了两种黏土矿物在不同添加剂量下对稻谷产量、糙米镉含量及土壤中有效态镉含量等变化的影响,用以表征修复效果.同时,深入研究了两种黏土矿物对土壤pH、土壤水解氮、有效磷含量及相关酶活性的影响以表征其对土壤环境质量的影响,并对各项理化指标之间的相关性进行分析.结果表明,田间示范条件下两种黏土均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤中镉的生物有效性,明显降低了糙米中镉含量.其中,经2.00 kg·m-2坡缕石和2.25 kg·m-2海泡石处理后,糙米镉含量最大降幅分别为54.6%和73.5%,分别降低至0.32和0.18 mg·kg-1.土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及蔗糖酶的活性均得到不同程度的提高,表明经钝化修复后土壤中相关代谢反应得到恢复;两种黏土矿物对土壤中水解氮含量无明显影响,但降低了土壤有效磷含量.综合总体表现,两种黏土矿物可被推荐作为镉污染酸性稻田土壤的原位钝化修复材料.     

纤维素降解菌Arthrobacter oryzae HW-17的纤维素降解特性及纤维素酶学性质

采用单一碳源选择性培养基和纤维素平板水解圈法筛选到一株具有较强纤维素分解能力的菌株Arthrobacter oryzae HW-17.此外,高通量测序发现,不同驯化条件下微生物群落结构有明显差异,低温条件下优势属为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia).本文同时对菌株Arthrobacter oryzae HW-17的微生物特性和纤维素降解特性进行了初步研究,结果发现,KNO_3、30或35℃、pH=7分别为菌株产纤维素酶的最佳氮源、温度和pH.菌株HW-17的最高纤维素酶活为18.55 U·m L~(-1),且对磨碎加工处理的纤维素样品和含鸡粪的纤维素混合样品有更好的降解效果.此外,菌株HW-17产生的纤维素酶在中温(≤50℃)和偏酸性(pH=5~7)条件下能保持较高的酶活.Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)等金属离子能够抑制该酶的活性.     

Effects of humic acids derived from lignite and cattle manure on antioxidant enzymatic activities of barley root

To investigate the effects of humic acids (HAs) on the ability of plants to defend themselves against oxidative stress, barley was hydroponically cultured in the absence and presence of HAs, and the antioxidant enzymatic activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate and glutathione peroxidases) of root tissue were evaluated. Auxin-like structures in HAs, which were extracted from an oxidation product of lignite (LHA) and compost derived from cattle manure (CHA), were identified by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The LHA, which had the lower molecular weight, was more effective in promoting the growth of barley root than CHA. However, the amounts of auxin-like structures in the CHA were much higher than those for LHA. The antioxidant enzymatic activities were initially decreased in the presence of LHA and CHA at the first day after refreshing the culture solution, but were significantly increased on the second day. The CHA sample, which contained relatively high levels of phenolic acids that contained auxin-like structures, was effective in increasing four types of enzymatic activities, while the activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were increased in the presence of LHA, which contains naphthalene derivatives. These results indicate that using HAs as a supplement can be effective in enhancing antioxidation enzymatic activities, while the appearance of the effects is retarded because of the decomposition and release of auxin-like compounds from HAs by organic acids from the plant roots.     

灵芝漆酶对直接蓝86的催化脱色性能

利用灵芝菌Ganoderma lucidum U-281漆酶对直接蓝86进行酶促氧化脱色,并对其降解机理进行了探讨。结果表明,染料-漆酶共反应体系在20～50℃及pH小于5.0范围内,直接蓝86均可脱色50%以上;漆酶对直接蓝86具有宽泛的浓度适应性,对300 mg/L的该染料仍具有耐受性。最优脱色工艺参数为温度40℃、pH 5.0、染料初始浓度200 mg/L、漆酶用量1 U/mL。在优化条件下,直接蓝863 h的脱色率达到54.54%,48 h脱色率达到91.54%。紫外-可见吸收光谱分析表明,漆酶的酶促氧化导致染料的分子结构产生了变化,是造成直接蓝86脱色的主要发生机制。     

Bioremediation of Chromate by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, Cytochromes c3 and hydrogenases

The treatment of soils and ground waters polluted by heavy metals is of economical and environmental interest. Reduction of Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III) associated to its precipitation is a potentially useful process for bioremediation. In order to develop ecological processes using micro-organisms, we have compared various sulfate-reducing bacteria for enzymatic reduction of chromate. The best Cr(VI) reductase activity was obtained with Desulfomicrobium norvegicum. Despite morphological changes induced by the presence of chromate, this strain can grow in the presence of up to 500 M Cr(VI) and can decontaminate waters polluted by Cr(VI) when seeded in bioreactors. We have demonstrated the ability of several metalloenzymes (cytochromes c ₃ and hydrogenases) to reduce chromate. Biophysical investigations of the chromate/protein interaction in order to get further informations on the mechanism of metal reduction by cytochromes c ₃ are under the way.     

The Role Played by Acetyl Group Distribution Patterns in Substituted Starch Toward Enzymatic De-acetylation and Chain Fragmentation

The nature and distribution of the acetylated groups were evaluated by ¹³C-NMR and ¹H-NMR. The starch substrate with a DS of 1.5 comprises only two patterns: -(14)-d-glucopyranose and 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose. The starch with a DS of 3.0 also comprises two patterns: 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose and 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose; whereas starch (DS = 1.9) contains 4 patterns: 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose terminal, 2,6-di-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose, and 3,6-di-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose. Using esterase from Viscozyme, it has been possible to hydrolyze up to 7% of the DS 3.0 starch. An -amylase (Fungamyl 800) was then added to these acetylesterases. With a 2.4 FAU/mL fraction of -amylase and 2.4 U/mL from the Viscozyme's acetylesterase, 28% of the acetylated end groups were hydrolyzed for the starch substrates with DS 3.0. Moreover, a synergic action between -amylase and acetylesterase was noticed, allowing fragmentation of 32% for DS 1.5, 30% for DS 1.9, and 11% for DS 3.0.     

一株木材腐朽菌及其粗酶液对七氯的降解

Phlebia acanthocystis TMIC34875是一株具有七氯降解能力的木材腐朽菌。为利用微生物技术去除环境中的七氯残留提供理论依据,研究了该菌株及其粗酶液对七氯的降解性能及其动力学特性。结果表明,菌株在七氯的初始浓度为50μmol/L时具有最大降解速率,为0.3031μmol/（L·h）;而菌体接种量为15%时,降解速率达到最高,为0.2045μmol/（L·h）。降解酶定位研究表明,七氯的降解主要是胞内酶在起作用。七氯胞内酶降解的酶促反应最适温度是35℃,在30-40℃之间有较高的催化活性;最适pH值为5.0,在pH 4.5-6.0之间有较高的催化活性,最适条件下反应1 h后七氯的降解率为65%。胞内粗酶液降解七氯的米氏常数K m为5.42μmol/L,最大反应速率V max为4.55μmol/min。胞内酶处理体系的GC/MS图谱显示,主要降解产物为1-羟基六氯、1-羟基-2,3-环氧六氯和环氧七氯,表明胞内酶对七氯的初始代谢机理同菌株相似,均是通过环氧化和置换反应来完成的。