Impact of floodplain and Stage 0 stream restoration on flood attenuation and floodplain exchange during small frequent storms

River flooding impacts human life and infrastructure, yet provides habitat and ecosystem services. Traditional flood control (e.g., levees, dams) reduces habitat and ecosystem services, and exacerbates flooding elsewhere. Floodplain restoration (i.e., bankfull floodplain reconnection and Stage 0) can also provide flood management, but has not been sufficiently evaluated for small frequent storms. We used 1D unsteady Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System to simulate small storms in a 5 km-long, second-order generic stream from the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and varied % channel restored (starting at the upstream end), restoration location, restoration bank height (distinguishes bankfull from Stage 0 restoration), and floodplain width/Manning's n. Stream restoration decreased (attenuated) peak flow up to 37% and increased floodplain exchange by up to 46%. Floodplain width and % channel restored had the largest impact on flood attenuation. The incremental effects of new restoration projects on flood attenuation were greatest when little prior restoration had occurred. By contrast, incremental effects on floodplain exchange were greatest in the presence of substantial prior restoration, setting up a tradeoff. A similar tradeoff was revealed between attenuation and exchange for project location, but not bank height or floodplain width. In particular, attenuation and exchange were always greater for Stage 0 than for bankfull floodplain restoration. Stage 0 thus may counteract human impacts such as urbanization.     

Flooding and schools: experiences in Hull in 2007

Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom, suffered severe flooding in June 2007, affecting some 8,600 households and most schools. Despite the potential for damage in such disasters, no studies of the effects of floods on teachers and schools in the UK appear to have been published previously. This study analysed the impacts of the floods on teachers in Hull in two stages: first through correspondence with Hull City Council and a mailed questionnaire to 91 head teachers of primary, secondary, and special schools; and second, through in‐depth interviews with head teachers from six flooded schools, representing different degrees of flood experience, and a questionnaire completed by eight teachers from the same schools. The findings reveal the importance and the complexity of the role of the school in the wider community in a time of crisis. The study highlights issues concerning preparedness for floods, support for schools, and flood protection for schools.     

Hurricane Harvey and Greater Houston households: comparing pre-event preparedness with post-event health effects,event exposures,and recovery

Most disaster studies rely on convenience sampling and ‘after-only’ designs to assess impacts. This paper, focusing on Hurricane Harvey (2017) and leveraging a pre-/post-event sample of Greater Houston households (n=71) in the United States, establishes baselines for disaster preparedness and home structure flood hazard mitigation, explores household-level ramifications, and examines how preparedness and mitigation relate to health effects, event exposures, and recovery. Between 70 and 80 per cent of participants instituted preparedness measures. Mitigation actions varied: six per cent had interior drainage systems and 83 per cent had elevated indoor heating/cooling components. Sixty per cent reported home damage. One-half highlighted allergies and two-thirds indicated some level of post-traumatic stress (PTS). Three-quarters worried about family members/friends. The results of generalised linear models revealed that greater pre- event mitigation was associated with fewer physical health problems and adverse experiences, lower PTS, and faster recovery. The study design exposed the broad benefits of home structure flood hazard mitigation for households after Harvey.     

LIDAR技术在内陆水系监测管理中应用综述

机载激光雷达(Light Detection and Ranging,LIDAR)测距系统是20世纪90年代发展起来的高新技术,该系统是集激光、全球定位系统和惯性导航系统3种技术于一体的测量系统,能够快速、精确的获取物体三维数据。文章简要说明了LIDAR技术的基本原理。介绍了国外LIDAR技术在内陆河流监测中的应用,如河网测绘、河漫滩的监测管理、河岸侵蚀监测、洪水监测管理等内陆水系监测管理实例。通过对流域范围的LIDAR点云数据进行滤波与分类,建立数字高程模型,或结合使用地理信息系统、遥感影像、全球定位系统采集的数据,来实现上述实例。简要评述了LIDAR技术在内陆水域监测管理方面的优势,以及当前我国内陆水系监测管理的技术现状。通过国外典型案例说明LIDAR技术在我国内陆水系监测管理中广阔的应用前景。     

青海省洪水变化情况的研究

为了研究青海省洪水变化情况,搜集了青海省内43个水文站的相关数据,其中选取具有长期观测资料的32个水文站资料,采用P-Ⅲ曲线作为其理论频率曲线,并与各站自建站-1974年和建站-2008年的水文计算成果进行比较,结果表明青海省水情发生了较大的变化,且在各水文分区的变化也不相同。     

Classification of different sustainable flood retention basin types

Using a revised version of a previously published expert classification system, a database of potential Sustainable Flood Retention Basins has been developed for Scotland. The research shows that the majority of small and former (often old) drinking water reservoirs are kept full and their spillways are continuously in operation. Utilising some of the available capacity to contribute to flood control could significantly reduce the costs of complying with the European Union Flood Directive. Furthermore, the application of a previously developed classification model for Baden in Germany for the Scottish data set showed a lower diversity for basins in Scotland due to less developed infrastructure. The classification system appears to be robust and has the potential, with minor modifications, to be applied across Europe. The principle value of this approach is a clear and unambiguous categorisation, based on standard variables, which can help to promote communication and understanding between stakeholders.     

长江口颗粒态金属污染物时空分布规律分析

长江口金属污染物的输移转化受到多种因素作用的制约,其时空分布比较复杂.2006年洪、枯季长江口南槽和北槽调查研究表明:(1)悬沙中各种金属含量在长江口的沿程分布略有差异,除Cu、Cd沿程出现降低趋势外,其它金属均有"低-高-低"分布趋势,即在南槽、北槽最大浑浊带出现高值;而沉积物中颗粒态金属含量沿程分布较为复杂,沿程呈降低趋势,部分金属在南槽、北槽出现高值区;(2)颗粒态金属含量垂向分布十分明显,由表层悬沙至底泥逐渐减少;(3)悬沙中枯季金属含量明显高于洪季,在一个潮周期内急流时颗粒态金属含量小于憩流时金属含量.     

太湖山地强降雨事件中不同水体的氮磷负荷分析

夏季暴雨洪水是太湖山区氮磷营养盐流失的主要载体,对强降雨事件中的不同水体农业养分负荷的观测和分析,将有助于更准确地评估农业非点源污染。在台风“麦莎”期间,选择典型山区流域对台风降雨径流过程进行观测。结果表明太湖山地短时强降水事件中,地下径流约占总径流的51％,而对无机氮径流负荷的贡献在80％以上;可溶性总磷在河道径流中的浓度低于在地下水和地表径流中的浓度,显示可溶性磷在汇流过程中被截留,说明可溶性磷的迁移具有流域尺度的迟滞特征。     

主沟槽长度计算方法对尾矿库防洪安全的影响分析

针对尾矿库使用后期进行防洪安全分析时,涉及的一个重要的计算参数--主沟槽长度的不同取值方法,对尾矿库防洪安全的影响进行了详细分析,并推荐了一种相对准确的主沟槽长度计算方法.     

Storm impacts along European coastlines. Part 2: lessons learned from the MICORE project

This paper describes the MICORE approach to quantify for nine field sites the crucial storm related physical hazards (hydrodynamic as well as morphodynamic) in support of early warning efforts and emergency response.As a first step historical storms that had a significant morphological impact on a representative number of sensitive European coastal stretches were reviewed and analysed in order to understand storm related morphological changes and how often they occur around Europe. Next, an on-line storm prediction system was set up to enable prediction of storm related hydro- and morphodynamic impacts. The system makes use of existing off-the-shelf models as well as a new open-source morphological model. To validate the models at least one year of fieldwork was done at nine pilot sites. The data was safeguarded and stored for future use in an open database that conforms to the OpenEarth protocols.To translate quantitative model results to useful information for Civil Protection agencies the Frame of Reference approach ( [Van Koningsveld et al., 2005] and [Van Koningsveld et al., 2007] ) was used to derive Storm Impact Indicators (SIIs) for relevant decision makers. The acquired knowledge is expected to be directly transferred to the civil society trough partnerships with end-users at the end of the MICORE project.