山仔水库富营养化与水华爆发的水文因素分析

文章通过水质主要指标的时空变化及其与水库流量、水位、水滞留时间等关系,研究水动力条件对山仔水库富营养化的影响。研究表明,由于山仔水库蓄水时清库不彻底,总氮、总磷浓度较高,从1997年开始呈现下降趋势,2001年后又有所回升;水库水滞留时间大于2周的年份,相对年均水位低,水库水华爆发的几率大;水库的进口、支流入口的总磷、COD、藻类数量和叶绿素a相对较高;山仔水库与下游塘坂水库因其水库形态、库容、水力交换能力的差异,藻类数量和叶绿素a含量也存在明显的差异,说明了山仔水库水华的发生与水文因素关系密切。     

基于CFD的内构件强化内循环流化床流场结构分析

针对流化床内部流体结构的复杂性和缺乏有效放大设计理论的问题,以漏斗型导流内构件强化的内循环流化床的气液运动为研究对象,利用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型构建了能描述其复杂流动的CFD数学模型,通过宏观流场、气含率分布、液体速度分布解析内构件对气液混合传质的作用原理.数值模拟结果表明:双流体模型能较好地揭示流化床内气液流场结构,流...     

Conversion of a Missouri River Dam and Reservoir to a Sustainable System: Sediment Management1

Abstract: A present and future challenge for water resources engineers is to extend the useful life of our dams and reservoirs. Ongoing reservoir sedimentation in impoundments must be addressed; sedimentation in many reservoirs already limits project benefits and effective project life. Sustainability requires that incoming sediment be moved downstream past the impounding dam. We use Lewis and Clark Lake, the most downstream of the six Missouri River main stem reservoirs, to demonstrate how a reservoir in advanced stages of its project life could be converted to a sustainable system with local benefits exceeding costs by a factor of 1.5. Full consideration of benefits would further enhance project justification. The proposed strategy involves four phases that will take about 50 years to complete. Cost estimates for this potential project range from the quantitative to the plausible, but it is clear that the results justify a full engineering, environmental, and economic study of this model project. If implemented, the project will create scientific knowledge and develop technologies useful for achieving sustainability at many other reservoirs in the Mississippi River basin and beyond.     

Modeling Pre‐ and Post‐Dam Removal Sediment Dynamics: The Kalamazoo River,Michigan1

Abstract:  The state of Michigan is interested in removing two low‐head dams in an 8.8 km reach of the Kalamazoo River between Plainwell and Otsego, Michigan, while minimizing impacts locally and to downstream reaches. The study was designed to evaluate the erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments over a 37.3‐year period using the channel evolution model CONCEPTS for three simulation scenarios: Dams In (DI), Dams Out (DO), and Design (D). The total mass of sediment emanating from the channel boundary, for the DI case, shows net deposition of 4,100 T/y for the study reach, with net transport (suspended and bed load) of 10,500 T/y passing the downstream boundary. For the DO case, net erosion is 19,200 T/y with net transport of 30,100 T/y (187% increase) passing the downstream boundary. For the D case, net deposition is 2,570 T/y (37% decrease) with transport of 14,200 T/y (35% increase) passing the downstream boundary. The most significant findings were: (1) removal of the low‐head dams will cause significant erosion of sediments stored behind the dams and increased sediment loads passing the downstream boundary and (2) sediment loads for the proposed channel design are similar to existing conditions and offer reduced fine‐sediment loadings.     

Human Instability in Flood Flows1

Abstract: Loss of human stability in flood flows and consequent drowning are a high personal hazard. In this paper, we review past experimental work on human instability. The results of new experiments by the Flood Hazard Research Centre (FHRC) are also reported. These new results show that low depth/high velocity flood waters are more dangerous than suggested based on previous experimental work. It is discussed how human instability can be related to two physical mechanisms: moment instability (toppling) and friction instability (sliding). Comparison of the test results with these physical mechanisms suggests that the occurrence of instability in the tests by FHRC is related to friction instability. This mechanism appears to occur earlier than moment instability for the combination of shallow depth and high flow velocity. Those concerned to identify locations where high flood flows could be a threat to human life need to modify their hazard assessments accordingly.     

近10年流域江湖关系变化作用下鄱阳湖水动力及水质特征模拟

鄱阳湖水文情势受流域来水及长江共同影响,近10年流域、长江和鄱阳湖间关系发生了较大变化,导致了新的水文节律调整,进一步使得湖区水质环境发生变化.对近10年序列(2003—2012年)和1956—2002年序列的多年平均的日水文过程进行对比,分析了鄱阳湖的流域入流、湖口出流及湖区水位的年内变化过程;近10年鄱阳湖最高水位降低,湖相时间变短,河相时间增长;通过构建鄱阳湖的二维水动力水质模型,并采用实测2010年湖区水动力及水质数据对模型进行率定验证,在此基础上着重研究流域、江湖水文情势变化条件下,湖区的水动力和水质发生的变化.模拟结果显示,由于4—6月间湖区丰水期滞后13 d,8—10月间枯水期提前21 d,导致TN浓度在两个时间段内分别上升10.6%和12.4%,TP浓度在两期间内分别升高11.7%和13.6%.在8—10月期间,湖区水位下降速率增加,南部与西部的碟型湖提前与主湖区分离,形成相对静水的水塘,加剧了碟型湖的富营养化风险.     

Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration

Increasing recognition of the value of tidal wetlands has led to interest in how to restore and enhance areas that have been modified by human activity. The policy of recognizing restoration or enhancement as mitigation for destruction of other wetlands is controversial. Once policy questions are separated from technical questions, the steps in a successful project are straightforward A key element in the design of a successful project is quantitative hydraulic and hydrologic analysis of alternatives. Restoration projects at two sites in California used a combination of empirical geomorphic relationships, numerical modeling, and verification with field observations. Experience with these and other wetland restoration projects indicates the importance of longterm postproject monitoring, inspection, and maintenance     

基于SPH方法与GPU并行计算的复杂阶梯流数值模拟

为了更有效地模拟和分析地铁站内复杂楼梯上洪水流动的动力学特征,采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法(SPH)并借助GPU并行计算技术对复杂形态(带1、2、3个休息平台的直行、直角转弯L型)阶梯上洪水流动特征和漫延过程进行数值建模和计算分析。基于SPH方法和GPU并行加速的复杂阶梯流模型的数值模拟结果表明:该模型不但可以计算获得更好的阶梯流流态,而且具有较高的计算效率;不同休息平台数、不同形态阶梯上洪水水流呈现差别较大的水流特征;该模型借助GPU并行加速,适合研究大尺度复杂楼梯上洪水漫延问题,可为分析和评估洪水水流对地铁站楼梯上被困人员疏散过程的影响提供有力的工具。     

WIND GENERATED WAVES IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: The study of wind generated waves is important because waves affect sediment resuspension in lakes. Measurements of wind velocity and wave elevation were made at three different stations in Lake Okeechobee. Significant wave heights were computed using a direct count from the recorded data, and verified by the root-mean-square value approach. The correlation between wind stress and significant wave height also was analyzed. The data revealed a strong correlation. In addition to field measurements, a Boussinesq-type wind-wave model was developed to simulate wind-generated, long-propagating waves. This model included the effects of wind stress and bottom viscous dissipation. Wave elevation and velocity field were evaluated numerically. A six-day simulation using 1996 wind data was conducted. Simulated significant wave heights were found to agree reasonably well with measured values. A predictive wind-wave model provides information about wind generated waves, which is used to compute bottom shear stresses required for sediment resuspension studies.     

城陵矶综合枢纽工程建设对洞庭湖水动力影响模拟研究

受流域降雨量偏枯以及三峡工程蓄水运行等综合影响,洞庭湖季节性干旱问题近年来日益突出.为缓解洞庭湖旱情,湖南省和湖北省政府提出了建设城陵矶综合枢纽工程.枢纽工程的建设,将改变洞庭湖水动力特征,影响湖区生态环境.该研究基于MIKE 21模型构建了洞庭湖二维水动力模型,模拟预测了枢纽工程建设前后洞庭湖湖体水位、流速等水动力参数变化特征.验证结果显示:水动力模拟结果与实测值吻合较好,模型计算结果有效可靠.模拟结果显示:城陵矶综合枢纽调度运行后,能够有效抬升全湖水位0.78~1.06 m,增加湖泊面积5.96%~10.84%,增加湖容31.18%~39.69%.枢纽工程对缓解洞庭湖秋季旱情、春季旱情作用明显,能够在一定程度上解决洞庭湖枯水期提前、枯水期延长、枯季水位偏低等问题.随着水位的抬升,湖体流速有不同程度的减小,退水期、枯水期平均流速由0.30 m·s-1和0.23 m·s-1降至0.28m·s-1和0.19 m·s-1,分别降低了6.67%、17.39%.城陵矶综合枢纽运行后,水流速度减缓、水体滞留时间延长,将加大湖体富营养化风险.