加氢裂化装置航煤塔系统安全技术改造

针对加氢裂化装置航煤塔系统运行中的异常情况进行原因分析，并对其进行技术改造。     

电感耦合等离子光谱法测定油中硫的方法探讨

研究了以航空煤油作稀释剂,选择合适的稀释比例,在电感耦合等离子光谱仪(ICP-AES)上采取直接进样测定不同类型油样中硫的方法。由本实验得出方法的检出限为0.06%(600mg/kg),相对标准偏差为1.0%～5.0%,实际样品的测定结果与用国标方法的测定结果相符。     

Preparation of jet engine range fuel from biomass pyrolysis oil through hydrogenation and its comparison with aviation kerosene

The Bio-oil was produced from the pyrolysis of agricultural wastes (Eucalyptus sawdust) and discarded soybean frying oil. The temperature of the pyrolysis system was initiated at 28°C and increased to 850°C. Atmospheric distillation of crude bio-oil was performed and a fraction at a temperature range 160–240°C (pyrolysis oil) was separated and subjected to GC-MS, ¹H-NMR, TGA and FTIR analysis to identify the different properties and compounds present in pyrolysis oil. It was noticed that there was an abundance of oxygen and nitrogen containing compounds as well as other reactive species in pyrolysis oil. To reduce the amount of these species, the pyrolysis oil was subjected to hydrogenation in the presence of NiMo as a catalyst. After hydrogenation, the atmospheric distillation of hydrogenated bio-oil was performed and another fraction at temperature range 160–240°C (hydrogenated bio-oil) was separated and analyzed by the same techniques. It was noticed that during hydrogenation, more than 60% oxygenated and other reactive species were converted into hydrocarbons. Hydrogenated bio-oil showed very similar physico-chemical properties such as distillation curve, density, viscosity, freezing point, flash point, the presence of hydrocarbons and enthalpy of combustion as aviation kerosene also known as QAV-1.     

钠盐类型对表面活性剂清洗煤油污染土壤的强化效应

采用表面活性剂清洗煤油污染土壤,考察添加钠盐对洗脱率的影响,并用Zeta电位仪、表面张力仪对溶液及用接触角仪对清洗前后的土壤进行表征.结果表明,硅酸钠对十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)清洗的增效作用最明显;酒石酸钠对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及聚氧乙烯月桂醚(Brij35)清洗的增效作用最明显;不同类型钠盐对曲拉通X-100(TX-100)清洗均有一定的增效作用但差别不明显;腐殖酸钠及硅酸钠对皂苷溶液清洗的增效程度相当,但就改良土质而言选用腐殖酸钠作助剂更为合适;硅酸钠对Tw-80清洗的增效作用随着Tw-80浓度的增大而增强,氯化钠和酒石酸钠则相反.钠盐增效清洗的作用机制是降低离子型表面活性剂的表面张力和临界胶束浓度;而非离子型表面活性剂的增效作用则是利用钠盐防止煤油"重吸附"及抗表面活性剂"沉淀",增大胶团体积来实现.接触角测量表明,煤油污染后的土壤亲水性减弱,清洗后接触角变小,亲水性增强,且随着表面活性剂浓度的增大接触角减小,对恢复土壤运输水分和养料正常功能有利.     

In-situ surfactant/surfactant-nutrient mix-enhanced bioremediation of NAPL (fuel)-contaminated sandy soil aquifers

SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Contamination of soils, aquifers and groundwater by nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) pollutants constitutes a major environmental issue of concern, worldwide. The residual (biodegradation-resistant) hydrophobic fuel hydrocarbons entrapped in the soil porous matrix, possess a particular bioremediation challenge due to their becoming virtually immobile, nor desorbable, or water dispersible. Consequently, they are not available as substrates to the micro-organism-based biodegradation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our research involves the development of economically feasible, surfactant/surfactant-nutrient mix (SSNM)-enhanced bioremediation methodologies for sustainable, in situ bioremediation of fuel-contaminated aquifers. This requires, methodologically, (a) the optimization, via in vitro 'flow' (columns) lab experiments and screening processes, of an effective mixture for the intended SSNM-enhanced bioremediation; and (b) the study of the combined effect of the optimized SSNM on the solubilization/mobilization and biodegradation of NAPL (fuel) in in vitro site/aquifer-simulated bioremediation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The essence of our findings: (1) kerosene's maximum enhanced mobilization - f = 3.6, compared with that of deionized water, was achieved with an SSNM having the composition of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LABS): coco-amphodiacetate (containing N): surfactant-nutrient X (containing both N and P) = 0.15: 0.15: 0.05 g/L, respectively; (2) 62-64% of the initial amount of kerosene in the initially saturated soil matrix, 'packed' in a column, has been eluted from it during approximately 30 days, compared with 68% of kerosene biodegradation in 'vessel' settings, in 21 days. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The indigenous microorganisms present in th vadose zones of fuel-contaminated sandy soil aquifers are potentially capable of unassisted removal of approximately 80% of the initially contained fuel (kerosene), during a period of about 42 days; (2) the major effects of the SSNM addition are (a) enhanced mobilization of the bulky NAPL; and (b) enhanced desorbtion/ solubilization/dispersion of the entrapped NAPL which, in turn, facilitate their enhanced biodegradation. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVE: Our findings suggest that pre-optimized, biodegradable SSNM is essential for surfactants-based bioremediation of NAPL-contaminated aquifers, in order to make this in-situ methodology both technologically and economically feasible.     

航空煤油精制工艺的产污对比及防治措施

对国内外常用的两种航空煤油（简称航煤） 精制工艺——加氢工艺和非加氢工艺进行了介绍，结合各自的工艺流程对“三废”排放情况进行了分析，并提出了相应的污染防治措施。分析结果表明：与加氢工艺相比，非加氢工艺相对简单，对反应的控制要求较低；两种工艺排放的废气和废水基本相同，包括酸性水、含油废水和酸性气等；非加氢工艺产生的废渣量远大于加氢工艺，除包括加氢工艺产生的废催化剂和废瓷球外，还包括废白土、废岩盐和废脱酸吸附剂等；航煤精制工艺的有组织排放污染物可通过酸性水汽提装置和硫磺回收装置进行处理，废渣由原生产厂家回收或按性质分类送往符合资质的相应渣场处理。     

低压环境对N2和O2在航空煤油中溶解度的影响

主要研究低压环境下,压力、温度对氮气和氧气分别在航空煤油中溶解度的影响。实验装置包括除气装置、吸气平衡装置以及称重装置。由实验结果可知：压力在0MPa～0.1MPa,温度为293.15K,303.15K,313.15K时,氮气和氧气分别在航空煤油中的溶解度与压力呈线性关系、与温度呈非线性关系;氮气在航空煤油中的溶解度受压力的影响比氧气的小,受温度的影响比氧气的大;氧气在航空煤油中的溶解度比氮气的大。     

炼油厂碱渣废水络合萃取法脱酚实验研究

实验选用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)-煤油溶液为萃取剂络合萃取碱渣废水中的酚,研究了不同萃取剂浓度、pH值、温度及萃取比条件下体系的萃取性能;采取NaOH溶液对萃取剂进行反萃再生,研究了碱液浓度、温度及反萃取比对萃取剂再生效果的影响;确定了萃取与反萃取的最佳操作条件。实验结果表明,TBP-煤油溶液可以有效脱除碱渣废水中的高浓度酚,是一种良好的工业萃取脱酚剂。     

航空煤油输送管道泄漏的环境风险及控制分析研究

航空煤油是石油产品之一,主要用作喷气式发动机燃料,国内航空煤油多为军用或民用飞机使用,经地下埋管输送至机场,基于历史原因,较多城市的航空煤油输送管道从城区穿过,随着城市的发展扩建,输送管线可能存在环境及安全方面的隐患,易受到违章挖掘、违章占压、偷盗油、管线腐蚀的威胁,可能造成航空煤油泄露,引起火灾、爆炸、污染环境、人员伤亡等严重事故,存在较大的环境风险,需要采取相应的风险防范措施,设立事故应急预案。通过采取防范措施及事故下的应急处理,可以在最大程度上减缓环境污染的风险。     

火箭煤油防毒面具的研制

针对火箭煤油推进剂呼吸防护需要,研制了火箭煤油过滤式防毒面具。通过实验筛选和重点改性,研制了基于椰壳活性炭的滤毒罐,设计了双罐口鼻式防毒面罩。结果表明,研制的防毒面具对2000 mg/m3、30 L/min火箭煤油蒸气的有效防护时间不少于5 h。研制的防毒面具可用于火箭煤油生产、使用场所的作业人员呼吸防护。