苯噻草胺对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性及呼吸作用的影响

通过模拟实验研究了水稻除草剂苯噻胺对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性及对土壤呼唤作用强度的影响，并研究了其在不同条件下水解和光解的效果，结果表明，苯噻草胺的浓度对土壤中过氧化氢酶的活性有明显影响，浓度愈大，对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性的抑制愈大，苯噻草胺在实验条件下没有明显的水解和光解，苯噻草胺对土壤呼吸有明显的抑制作用，浓度愈高，土壤呼吸强度在初期抑制愈大，17d后各处理土样的呼吸强度基本恢复正常，试验结果还表明，苯噻草胺属于低毒或无明显实际危害的农药，对土壤微生物影响较小。     

苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附与解吸行为研究

采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了除草剂苯噻草胺在5种不同性质土壤中的吸附与解吸行为,并探讨了土壤有机质及溶液pH值对吸附的影响.结果表明,线性方程与Freundlich方程均能较好地拟合苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附等温线.计算得到苯噻草胺在5种土壤中的碳标化分配系数K_oc在849.5～1?818.8 L·kg^-1之间,说明土壤对苯噻草胺有较强的吸附能力.苯噻草胺在土壤中的分配系数K_d、Freundlich常数K_f以及K_f(1/n)与土壤有机质含量均呈显著正相关.通过过氧化氢去除有机质后,土壤对苯噻草胺的吸附大大降低,说明土壤有机质是影响苯噻草胺在土壤中吸附的主要因素.对于同种土壤而言,苯噻草胺的吸附量随pH值的增大而减小.解吸实验表明,苯噻草胺在土壤中的解吸过程具有一定的滞后性,推测其在土壤中的迁移能力较差.     

Monitoring impact of mefenacet treatment on soil microbial communities by PCR-DGGE fingerprinting and conventional testing procedures

The effect of acetanilide herbicide mefenacet on soil microbial communities was studied using paddy soil samples with different short-term treatments. The culturable bacteria （plate counts）, dehydrogenase activity and changes in community structure （denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） analysis） were used for biological community assessments. Mefenacet was a significant stimulus to cultural aerobic bacteria and dehydrogenase activity while Sphingobacterium multivorum Y1, a bacterium efficiently degrading the mefenacet, only induced the increasing colony-forming unit （CFU） of bacteria but little effect on dehydrogenase activity during the whole experiment. The degree of similarity between the 16S rDNA profiles of the communities was quantified by numerically analyzing the DGGE band patterns. Similarity dendrograms showed that the microbial community structures of the mefenacet-treated and non-treated soils were not significantly different. But supplement of S. multivorum Y1 could increase the diversity of the microbial community in the mefenacet-polluted paddy soil. This work is a new attempt to apply the S. multivorum Y1 for remediation of the mefenacet-polluted environments.     

Characterization of a strain of Sphingobacterium sp. and its degradation to herbicide mefenacet

A bacterium(designated strain YI) degrading acetanilide herbicide mefenacet was isolated from aerobic sludge. Based on the analyses of partial 16S rRNA gene, cellular fatty acid and BIOLOG-GN, and general physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain Y1 was identified as Sphingobacterium multivolum. Strain Y1 was able to degrade mefenacet used as sources of carbon and energy. Degradation of mefenacet was accompanied by producing the metabolites N-methylaniline and an unidentified compound with molecular weight 205, indicating a metabolic pathway of mefenacet initiated bv hvdrolvsis of amido bond.     

除草剂苯噻草胺对水稻田土壤微生物种群的影响

以浙江大学华家池校区水稻土为材料,采用室内培养法,研究了不同浓度的外源除草剂苯噻草胺对水稻田土壤可培养微生物种群数量的影响.结果表明:土壤中各微生物类群对不同浓度的苯噻草胺具有各自不同的反应.苯噻草胺能刺激好氧细菌数量增加,但不利于真菌和放线菌的生长.低浓度苯噻草胺刺激水解发酵性细菌(AFB)、产氢产乙酸细菌(HPAB)和产甲烷细菌(MPB)数量的增加,但高浓度苯噻草胺却具有抑制性.在苯噻草胺施用第4周时可强烈刺激反硝化细菌(DNB)数量的增加.苯噻草胺也能刺激厌氧固氮菌(ANFB)数量增加,但这种刺激作用在第2周才出现,而且在培养后期消失.苯噻草胺的短期影响即急性毒性对土壤中可培养微生物的影响较小,比上一代除草剂丁草胺相对安全.图2表1参15     

除草剂苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附

对除草剂苯噻草胺在6种不同土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明，土壤对苯噻草胺有较强的吸附性。在试验浓度范围内，苯噻草胺的土壤吸附行为可用线性吸附模型表征。土壤有机质是影响苯噻草胺吸附行为的重要因素，其吸附系数有随土壤有机质含量增高而增大的趋势。通过在线性吸附系数（Kd)和土壤有机质含量（OM％）之间构建的回归方程：Kd=2.6120 OM% 1.0746，可以预测苯噻草胺的Kd值，其预测的可靠性通过蒙特卡洛模拟得以检验。     

硒对除草剂胁迫下水稻幼苗活性氧清除系统响应的作用

研究了在除草剂苯噻草胺毒害下硒对水稻幼苗体内活性氧清除系统的影响.结果表明,硒缓解了苯噻草胺对水稻幼苗的毒害,表现为株高、根长变化,植株体内叶绿素、蛋白质、谷胱甘肽GSH含量的提高和抗氧化酶活性的增加,·O₂、H₂O₂等活性氧和膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量降低,自氧化速率减慢.经2个样本个体差均值的配对t检验,验证Se处理对水稻具有显著效应.     

除草剂苯噻草胺污染对多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium multivolum)抗氧化酶和ATP酶的影响

研究了暴露于苯噻草胺中的多食鞘氨醇杆菌Y1菌株中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(CAT)和ATP酶活性在短期内的变化.结果表明,苯噻草胺对细菌SOD活性诱导作用明显,尤其对处于对数生长期的细菌所产生的影响大于稳定生长期的细菌.苯噻草胺对CAT也有强烈的诱导作用,对处于不同生长阶段细菌的影响类似于对SOD的影响结果.苯噻草胺能激活ATP酶,但在细菌生长阶段影响较小.抗氧化酶和ATP酶相结合作为该类化合物对土壤污染胁迫的敏感生物指示物具有一定的可行性.     

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and heavy metals on soil and its components

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and two typical metals (copper and silver) on black soil and its components (kaolinite and humic acid) were investigated. It was found that because of their different valences and properties, Cu²⁺and Ag⁺ presented different effects on the sorption of mefenacet. Due to the competition of Cu²⁺, along with the shells of dense water formed by its surface complexation, for sorption surface area with mefenacet, the addition of Cu²⁺ decreased the sorption amount of mefenacet on soil and its components, especially on humic acid. However, the addition of Ag⁺ significantly enhanced the sorption of mefenacet, which was attributed to the softness of the cation that weakened the hydrophilicity of the local region around Ag⁺-complexed functionalities, and thus mitigated the competitive sorption of water. In addition, the sorption of mefenacet on soil with or without the two metals was generally decreased with increasing pH, which was caused by the hydrolysis of carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of the sorbents, π-π interaction between mefenacet and the soil organic matter, and so on. On the other hand, the presence of mefenacet seemed to have little effect on the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺, indicating that Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ might be sorbed strongly on the tested sorbents and the mefenacet added was too low in concentration to affect the sorption of the metals.     

一株苯噻草胺降解菌的系统发育分类及其降解特性研究

自污水处理厂好氧活性污泥中分离到1株Y1菌株,该菌株具有较强的降解酰胺类除草剂苯噻草胺的能力.基于部分16SrDNA和生理生化特性分析,鉴定该菌为多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacteriummultivolum).Y1菌株能有效地降解除草剂苯噻草胺,在1周内的降解率约为90%.其最适生长温度为28℃,最佳降解温度为32℃;在pH值为5～9范围内能保持对苯噻草胺的降解能力.Y1菌株经苯噻草胺诱导后具有一条相对分子量约为100k的特异性蛋白条带,而且在诱导1年的菌株中,该条带更明显.