Effects of dimethoate on rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus using multigeneration toxicity tests

As important members of the zooplankton community and sources of food for fish, rotifers are used extensively in ecotoxicological research to assess the health of the environment and safety of compounds. However, most rotifer toxicity tests are only conducted using rotifer neonates derived from unexposed mothers, thus ignoring the potential transfer of contaminants from mother to offspring. To understand better the mother to offspring exposure, a multigenerational study was conducted using three successive generations (F₀, F₁ and F₂) of the common freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to investigate the toxic effects of the widely used organophosphate pesticide, dimethoate (O, O-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate). When the F₀ generation was exposed to five pesticide concentrations, the population growth rate (r) displayed symptoms of hormesis, characterized by the conversion of low-concentration stimulation to high-concentration inhibition. Despite this observation, the exposure to any given concentration of dimethoate reduced the population growth rates of the F₁ and F₂ generation rotifers. Significant differences existed between the F₀, F₁ and F₂ rotifers for the population growth rate under dimethoate stress: F₂ individuals were more sensitive than F₁, whereas the F₁ individuals were more sensitive than F₀. The results indicated that the parental exposure to a given toxic stress could result in increased sensitivity and decreased fitness in the offspring. This study illustrates the utility of multigenerational toxicity tests, which may better reflect and more accurately predict the effects of long-term pesticide exposure to aquatic organisms at the population level.     

螺形龟甲轮虫形态结构对环境变化的响应

以螺形龟甲轮虫为研究对象,于2015年7月至2018年12月,选取广东南澳岛及湖南常德中营养至中度富营养水体共14个样点进行采样,对螺形龟甲轮虫进行了形态特征测量分析.结果表明,水温是螺形龟甲轮虫形态变化最主要影响因子,且与背甲长、背甲宽、棘刺长度均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）.不同纬度条件下螺形龟甲轮虫形态参数差异显著,常德地区螺形龟甲轮虫个体显著大于南澳地区（P<0.05）.螺形龟甲轮虫形态存在显著季节性变化,各形态参数随季节波动呈现夏秋、冬春分化模式.螺形龟甲轮虫后棘刺长随水体营养程度增加而减小（F=159.4,P<0.01）,富营养条件下后棘刺长度占全长的比例减小（F=167.5,P<0.01）.研究结果表明,螺形龟甲轮虫棘刺长度可作为水质生物监测指标,并为研究全球气候变暖提供重要参考.     

河口区新建河道轮虫群落演替及与水环境的关系

于2011年12月~2012年11月对上海一河口性新建河道(临港新城B港河道)的轮虫群落结构进行为期1 a的调查研究,结果表明,调查期间该水体共检出轮虫23种,其中污染指示种19种;轮虫的种类数随河道建成时间的延长呈逐月上升趋势,从2种增加到13种;优势种在时间尺度上的演替明显,由开始的单一优势种螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)向多种轮虫共同占优势转变,新建成的B港水体中的轮虫群落结构与外河水体(芦潮引河)存在明显的差异.相关性分析表明,B港水体中轮虫总密度与温度、叶绿素a显著正相关(P<0.05),但与盐度无显著相关性;除螺形龟甲轮虫外,其他主要种类的密度均与营养盐浓度、盐度呈负相关关系(P<0.05).临港B港河道轮虫各月间的相似性指数较低,说明临港B港河道水体生态系统尚未稳定,仍处于不断变化中;但是轮虫的丰富度Margalef指数、多样性指数Shannon-Wiener指数逐月增大、E/O值逐渐下降.     

Competition between the Rotifers Brachionus patulusand Euchlanis dilatata:Effect of Algal Food Level and Relative Initial Densities of Competing Species

We tested the effect of different algal (Chlorella vulgaris) levels and inoculation densities on the outcome of competition between the rotifers Euchlanis dilatata and Brachionus patulus. The experiment was performed in 36 transparent jars, each with 20 ml of a test medium. We used three Chlorella levels: 0.75 × 10⁶, 1.5 × 10⁶, and 3.0 × 10⁶ cells/ml. For each algal level, we used five different ratios of initial inoculation density. The population growth experiments were terminated after 19 days. Regardless of inoculation densities, an increase in food level resulted in an increased population abundance of both rotifer species. Regardless of food concentration,E. dilatatawas able to outcompete B. patulus at all inoculation densities when grown together. However, when Chlorella was offered in low concentration and there was a higher ratio of Brachionus to Euchlanis at the onset of the experiment, both rotifer species coexisted in more or less equal densities until the end of the experiments. When the food level was enhanced, E. dilatata totally eliminated B. patulus. The rate of population growth ranged from 0.002 to 0.578 for B. patulus and from 0.006 to 0.447 for E. dilatata. The results are discussed with respect to the factors influencing the outcome of competition between species.     

太湖不同湖区轮虫群落结构季节变化的比较研究

2006年7月～2007年6月对太湖不同湖区(河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾)轮虫的季节变化进行了比较研究.整个研究期间,河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾轮虫种类数分别为23、15、14和21;河口区轮虫的年平均密度最高,为475个·L-1,梅梁湾最低,为164个·L-1,太湖湖心区为189个·L1-,贡湖湾为338个·L-1.4个湖区优势种不同,河口区轮虫优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(B.cdyciflorus),梅梁湾为角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis),太湖湖心区和贡湖湾优势种都是针簇多肢轮虫(P.trigla).食物的不同以及大型浮游甲壳动物的抑制作用,可能是太湖4个湖区轮虫群落结构不同的重要原因.相关分析表明,轮虫数量与枝角类数量、枝角类生物量和桡足类生物量极显著负相关;轮虫数量与透明度显著正相关.结果表明,太湖4个不同湖区轮虫群落结构不同.     

轮虫在生态毒理学中的研究进展

轮虫是浮游动物中的重要类群,因具有生活周期短、对毒物的敏感性高、有两性生殖方式、易培养和实用性强等优势特征,已被用作生态毒理学实验中重要的模式生物,颇有研究前景。本文简介了轮虫作为受试生物的特点及其生活史,并从实验方法、污染物种类、测试指标等角度对近几十年来轮虫在生态毒理学中的应用现状、主要成果和最新进展作了概述,主要包括轮虫在常规毒性评价中的应用:急性毒性、慢性毒性以及对其行为的影响效应;综述了几类典型环境污染物,例如重金属、UV辐射、持久性有机污染物以及农药化合物的胁迫对轮虫的毒性效应,特别对目前存在的问题、研究热点及今后需要加强研究的方向进行了讨论和展望,以期为应用轮虫生态毒理学进行环境污染及风险评估提供参考。     

Effect of increasing salinity on the acute toxicity of a commercial endosulfan formulation to the bdelloid rotifer Philodina acuticornis odiosa

Pesticides, such as endosulfan, can enter surface waters such as lakes and rivers, potentially posing an ecological risk. Rotifers are a dominant zooplankton species in many inland freshwater lakes in Australia; such lakes can also experience increased salinities. Acute toxicity tests (24?h) were conducted to determine the toxicity of a commercial formaulation of endosulfan to the freshwater rotifer Philodina sp. and to investigate the influence of increasing salinity on endosulfan toxicity. Rotifers were found to be relatively tolerant to endosulfan with an EC50 of 1.75?mg?L^?1 (a.i.), with results also suggesting that there are no interactive effects of salinity on endosulfan toxicity.     

广东省蛭态轮虫物种多样性及其系统发育研究

为了解广东省蛭态轮虫物种多样性,采集广东省不同水陆生境样品98份,记录蛭态轮虫3目4科12属66种（含亚种）.陆生环境中鉴定出蛭态轮虫56种,其中苔藓生境42种、落叶生境40种、地衣生境12种,水生生境蛭态轮虫15种,陆生生境的蛭态轮虫种类明显多于水生生境蛭态轮虫.为验证形态鉴定的准确性,获取蛭态轮虫COⅠ基因序列4属16种37条,种间遗传距离8.59%~23.17%,其中楔足盘网轮虫（Adineta cuneata）和迅捷旋轮虫（Philodina rapida）的COⅠ基因序列为全球首次报道.COI基因序列中腺嘌呤（A）与胸腺嘧啶（T）的总含量（71.2%）远大于鸟嘌呤（G）与胞嘧啶（C）（28.8%）的含量.系统发育树的聚类结果与形态学物种鉴定结果一致;同属形态相近的物种,具有较高的同源性.研究结果表明,形态学鉴定与DNA条形码技术相结合,有助于提高蛭态轮虫种类鉴定的准确性和探究蛭态轮虫各属的发育地位,促进蛭态轮虫物种多样性和生态学研究.     

滆湖轮虫群落结构及其与水环境因子的关系

为研究滆湖轮虫群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2013年对该湖轮虫群落和相关环境因子按季度进行了调查研究。共鉴定出轮虫23属55种,富营养化指示种44种。全年优势种为:矩形龟甲轮虫、螺形龟甲轮虫、广布多肢轮虫、长肢多肢轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫、长三肢轮虫和前节晶囊轮虫。轮虫年均密度和生物量分别为1 820.0 ind./L和2.93 mg/L。季节上,秋季密度(3 555.0 ind./L)最高,春季生物量(6.31 mg/L)最高;空间上,南部密度(2 655.0 ind./L)最高,北部生物量(3.26 mg/L)最高。轮虫群落在季节上差异较大,而在空间上差异不明显。相关性分析和多元回归分析显示总氮和COD_(Mn)是对滆湖轮虫群落结构变化起关键性作用的非生物因子。另外,通过轮虫优势种指示种和轮虫多样性指数等参数,得出2013年滆湖营养程度为富营养水平。     

Changes in life histories of cladocerans (Cladocera) from the rotifer-mediated allelochemicals

ABSTRACT

We hypothesised that at higher densities herbivorous rotifers through their allelochemicals affect the survival and reproduction of cladocerans. To test this, we separately cultured three rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus havanaensis, and Plationus patulus) and three cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and Moina macrocopa). Chlorella vulgaris was used as food and reconstituted moderately hard water was used as medium. The conditioned-medium (CM) obtained from each of rotifer species was used to conduct cohort life table tests of cladocerans. SDS PAGE electrophoresis revealed the molecular weights of proteins present in the rotifer conditioned medium were 55–63?kDa. Compared to C. dubia and D. pulex, Moina was more resistant to rotifer-mediated chemicals. Gross reproductive rate of C. dubia was significantly stimulated by the rotifer-CM. However, gross and net reproductive rates of D. pulex were strongly reduced (72–85%) due to P. patulus-CM but not from the other two rotifer species. The rate of population increase of M. macrocopa was significantly reduced by the rotifer CM. Overall, about 46% (adverse effect: 24%; stimulatory impact: 22%) of the life history variables in controls significantly differed from rotifer-CM treatments, thus proving our hypothesis that rotifer-mediated allelochemicals had some effect on the cladoceran life history variables.