中国碳市场波动溢出效应研究

自2013年以来,中国已先后建立了七个区域性碳市场。研究中国碳市场之间的波动溢出效应,有助于发现在碳市场运行初期起价格引导作用的区域市场,为其它地区碳市场的发展和全国碳市场的建立提供建议。本文选择广东、湖北和深圳三个交易量最大的区域碳市场为样本,利用多元GARCH(1,1)-BEKK模型,检验其波动溢出效应。为了消除履约期的影响,本文根据履约期将样本划分为阶段一(2014年7月1日—2015年6月30日)和阶段二(2015年7月1日—2016年7月19日),分阶段进行了检验,并从市场有效性的视角解释了检验结果。波动溢出效应检验结果显示:在阶段一内,广东碳市场对湖北碳市场、湖北碳市场对深圳碳市场、深圳碳市场对广东碳市场分别存在单向的波动溢出效应;在阶段二内,只存在深圳碳市场对广东碳市场的单向波动溢出效应;在整个样本期内,只存在深圳碳市场对广东碳市场的单向波动溢出效应。基于方差比的市场有效性检验结果显示:无论是阶段一、阶段二或整个样本期,三个碳市场均没有达到弱式有效。本文进一步在多重分形检验的基础上,利用多重分形谱宽度,比较了三个碳市场的非有效性程度,结果显示:在阶段一、阶段二和整个样本期,三个碳市场有效性大小关系分别为:湖北广东深圳、深圳湖北广东、广东深圳湖北。可见,三个碳市场早期的波动溢出效应不完全符合市场有效性大小关系,而较晚期的波动溢出效应符合市场有效性大小关系,这证明了中国碳市场在阶段二相比阶段一更为成熟。本文最后对中国碳排放权交易市场的发展提出了政策建议。     

地下水石油污染曝气治理技术研究

在石油开采区现场考察了地下水石油污染曝气治理效果.结果表明,现场土壤地质条件对曝气气流分布影响很大,气流分布并不与曝气井为轴对称,曝气井左侧影响距离达6 m,右侧仅为4 m;经过40 d的连续曝气,在气流分布密度大的区域,石油去除率高达70%,而在气流分布稀疏的区域,石油去除率只有40%,曝气影响区地下水石油平均去除率为60%;对曝气前后地下水中石油组分进行色质联机分析,表明石油去除效果与石油组分及其性质有关,挥发性高的石油组分容易挥发去除,而挥发性低的石油组分难于挥发去除,因此地下水石油污染曝气治理存在“拖尾效应”.     

中国望都地区夏季大气气溶胶挥发性特征

采用热扩散管与气溶胶质谱联用系统对2014年夏季河北望都乡村点位亚微米级气溶胶进行在线测量,获取了两段污染过程的气溶胶化学组成及挥发性特征：相对低污染期气溶胶平均质量浓度为（23.3±15.1）·g/m³,有机物占主导,主要受偏北方向气团影响;重污染期平均浓度为（86.6±19.7）·g/m³,硫酸盐占主导,受偏南方向气团影响;主要化学组分挥发性顺序均为硝酸盐 > 氯盐 > 铵盐 > 有机物 > 硫酸盐;与相对低污染期相比,重污染期的硫酸盐对质量浓度贡献更高且挥发性降低,而硝酸盐表现出更高的挥发性;对有机气溶胶而言,重污染期有机物氧化态更高且挥发性更低,老化特征明显.气溶胶半挥发性特征反映了华北夏季高污染条件下区域传输的重要作用.     

深圳秋季大气有机气溶胶来源与挥发性研究

使用热扩散管与长飞行时间气溶胶质谱联用系统对2020年深圳市秋季亚微米级气溶胶进行在线测量,获取和分析了气溶胶的化学组成及挥发性特征,并利用正矩阵因子分析法（PMF）对有机气溶胶进行了来源解析.结果显示：观测期间,气溶胶平均质量浓度为（28.3±11.1）μg/m³（9.5~76.8μg/m³）,其中,有机物占比最高,为57.9%,其次为硫酸盐（24.7%）.PMF对有机气溶胶解析结果得到四类源,分别为烃类有机气溶胶（HOA）、餐饮源有关的有机气溶胶（COA）、低氧化性的氧化有机气溶胶（LO-OOA）和高氧化性的氧化有机气溶胶（MO-OOA）.HOA、COA、LO-OOA和MO-OOA平均分别占到总有机物的9.1%、27.2%、31.8%和31.9%.进一步采用NO⁺/NO₂⁺比值法和PMF方法估算有机硝酸酯（ON）浓度,两种方法估算结果相关性良好,ON的平均浓度为0.17~0.25μg/m³,占总有机气溶胶质量的1.5%~9.7%,说明其对深圳大气气溶胶贡献显著.ON与各有机气溶胶因子的相关性比对发现,其与LO-OOA相关性最高（R=0.80）,说明其可能来源于新鲜的二次生成反应.挥发性研究结果得出,深圳市气溶胶主要化学组分挥发性顺序为氯盐≈无机硝酸盐 > 铵盐 > 有机物 > 有机硝酸酯 > 硫酸盐,对于有机气溶胶因子,其挥发性排序为LO-OOA > HOA > COA > MO-OOA,除了LO-OOA,其余因子挥发性与其氧化态排序一致,而LO-OOA从50~70℃组分下降最多,说明其所含组分挥发性差异最为明显.     

Occurrence and volatility of several trace elements in pulverized coal boiler

The contents of eight trace elements(Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured in a 220 t/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen content and trace elements‘ characters. One coefficient of Meij was also improved to more directly show element enrichment in combustion products. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their distribution: Group 1. Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both group ! and 3. In addition, the smaller diameter of fly ash, the more relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). The fly ash showed different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements(except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen content can not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb is easier to form chloride than Cd during coal combustion. Trace elements should be classified in accordance with factors.     

长江三角洲2010~2018年生物质燃烧中等挥发性有机物(IVOCs)排放清单

中等挥发性有机物（IVOCs）是一类重要的二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的前体物.其中,生物质燃烧是IVOCs的重要来源之一,但目前尚未包括在传统的排放清单中.本研究基于卫星火点排放清单（FINN）以及IVOCs/POA比例法对长三角地区2010至2018年生物质燃烧IVOCs的排放量进行估算,构建长三角地区2010～2018年基于卫星火点的生物质燃烧IVOCs排放清单,并分析其不确定性,为后续模拟长三角地区SOA的来源提供重要的基础数据.结果表明,在2010～2018年期间,长三角地区火点数整体呈现下降趋势,在过去3年（2016～2018年）火点数维持在6000次左右,较2016年之前下降了约60%.从火点数的月分布来看,火点发生最多的月份是5～8月,其次在10月有个小高峰.基于IVOCs/POA比例系数法的计算结果表明,由不同的POA/OC以及IVOCs/POA比例得到的长三角地区生物质燃烧IVOCs排放总量结果差别巨大,平均值为73.4万t（10.5～305.7万t）.基于蒙特卡罗的不确定性模拟,长三角地区生物质燃烧IVOCs排放量的不确定范围在-99%～68%之间.     

吹扫—捕集／气相色谱法测定水中挥发性有机物

为提高样品分析效率，研究并建立了吹扫-捕集／气相色谱／氢火焰检测器联用同时测定水中1，2-二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、氯苯、乙苯、对-二甲苯、间-二甲苯、苯乙烯、邻-二甲苯、异丙苯、1，4-二氯苯、1，2-二氯苯、硝基苯、1，3，5-三氯苯、1，2，4-三氯苯、1，2，3-三氯苯、六氯丁二烯17种挥发性有机物的分析方法。结果表明，当进样体积为25．0ml时，最低检出限为0．0034-0．1088μg/L，相对标准偏差为1．8％～6．4％，加标平均回收率为97．6％-105．8％。该方法可快速、简便、准确、高灵敏度的测定水中17种挥发性有机物，并适用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机物的测定。     

The impact of monetary liquidity on Chinese aluminum prices

By expanding Frankel and Rose's (2009) theoretical model to consider the interaction of commodity prices with both money liquidity and expectation formation, this paper empirically studies the long-run relationship and short-term dynamics between aluminum prices and money liquidity via Vector autoregressive (VAR) and Impulse Response Function methodologies. Our results show that: (1) a cointegration relationship between money liquidity and Chinese aluminum prices exists, and monetary liquidity positively significantly influences the price over long periods; (2) a structural change has been found during the 2008 Financial Crisis and the change of Chinese monetary policies; and (3) the negative impact of production capacity mechanism on aluminum prices coexists with the positive impact of financial asset returns mechanism, to allow for varied market expectations on aluminum prices within and outside China.     

Fate of the 14C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb in a soil and in a sediment-water system

The fate of ¹⁴C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb was studied in an agricultural soil and in a sediment-water system, the sediment part of which was derived from Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Time-course studies were performed for 28 d and 49 d, respectively. Main transformation routes of ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb were mineralization to ¹⁴CO₂ and formation of nonextractable residues amounting to 12.13% and 10.43%, respectively, after 28 days (soil), and 9.40% and 11.98%, respectively, after 49 d (sediment-water system). Traces of prosulfocarbsulfoxide were detected by means of TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS; other transformation products were not found. Initial extraction of soil assays using 0.01 M CaCl₂ solution showed that the bioavailability of the herbicide was considerably low; immediately after application (0.1 d of incubation), only 4.78% of applied radioactivity were detected in this aqueous fraction. DT₅₀ values of ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb estimated from radio-TLC and -HPLC analyses were above 28 d in soil and ranged between 29 d and 49 d in the sediment-water system. Partitioning of ¹⁴C from water to sediment phase occurred with DT₅₀ slightly above 2 d. With regard to the sediment-water system, adsorption occurred with log K_oc = 1.38 (calculated from 2 day assays) and 2.35 (49 d assays). As similarly estimated from portions of ¹⁴C found in CaCl₂ extracts of the 0.1 d assays, ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb's log K_oc in soil was 2.96. With both experiments, similar portions of nonextractable radioactivity were associated with all soil organic matter fractions, i.e. nonhumics, fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin/minerals. Throughout all sample preparation, the experiments were severely impaired by losses of radioactivity especially with concentration of samples containing water in vacuo. All findings pointed to volatility of parent prosulfocarb in presence of water rather than volatility of transformation products. According to literature data, this behavior of prosulfocarb was not expected, though volatility was demonstrated under field conditions.     

黔西南高砷煤热解过程中微量元素释放规律研究

采用高温箱式电阻炉对黔西南海子地区煤样进行热解,研究了在300~1200℃下慢速热解过程中,热解温度、元素赋存状态和灰分对微量元素释放规律的影响.结果表明,热解温度是影响煤失重和微量元素挥发的主要原因. As、Mo在900℃以上挥发较快; Pb热解前期挥发较快,450℃以上挥发缓慢;Sb随热解温度的升高缓慢增大.微量元素的挥发性还与赋存状态关系密切,有机态最为活泼;硫化物态和碳酸盐态在热解后期由于矿物的分解而逐步释放;硅酸盐态最稳定,基本残留在灰分中.灰分越高微量元素越不易挥发.