抗生素与中药对大肠杆菌的联合抑菌作用及机理

为研究抗生素和中药对环境及生物体中菌群的联合毒性作用，以2种常用抗生素氨苄西林钠(ampicillin sodium,AMP)、盐酸四环素(tetracycline hydrochloride,TET)和1种中药提取物盐酸小檗碱(berberine chloride hydrate,BCH)为目标污染物，以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E. coli)为指示生物，分别应用直接均分射线法和均匀设计射线法设计3个二元(AMP-BCH、AMP-TET、BCH-TET)及1个三元混合物体系(AMP-TET-BCH)，共20条射线，采用以96孔微板为实验载体的时间微板毒性分析法(time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis method,t-MTA)对3种药物及其混合物体系的毒性进行系统测定.运用拟合归零法分析混合物毒性相互作用类型及强度，选取抑菌作用明显的代表性混合物射线进行暴露前后E. coli核酸溶出量以及电镜扫描分析.结果表明，AMP、TET、BCH及其混合物体系对E. coli的浓度效应曲线为“S”型且时间和浓度依赖抑菌性明显，仅...     

抗生素和纳米银对大肠杆菌的联合毒性和抗性突变诱导效应

抗生素和纳米银因在各自领域的大量应用而不可避免地进入环境中，对生态环境尤其是微生物群体构成联合暴露的风险，但是二者对细菌生长和耐药性的联合作用，目前受到的关注较少.本研究测定了两种抗生素（四环素和氯霉素）以及纳米银（10—15 nm）对大肠杆菌的联合毒性及对细菌抗性突变的诱导作用，并对相关机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明，抗生素和纳米银对细菌的联合毒性呈现协同效应，但是二者联合作用下细菌对利福平的抗性突变频率显著降低. DNA测序和分子对接结果表明，编码利福平靶标蛋白的rpoB基因发生点突变，导致突变后的靶蛋白与利福平的结合能降低.同时，qPCR结果表明抗生素和纳米银联合作用时，细菌胞内rpoS、dinB和mutS等基因表达显著上调，可能是抗性突变频率在联合作用下降低的主要原因.本研究揭示了抗生素和纳米银联合作用对细菌抗性突变的影响，有利于全面认识二者联合暴露的环境和健康风险.     

大肠杆菌吸附-化学还原法用废含金催化剂制备金纳米线

采用大肠杆菌吸附-化学还原法,以大肠杆菌(ECCs)为模板、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为保护剂、抗坏血酸为还原剂,由废含金催化剂制备金纳米线(AuNWs)。采用XRD,SEM,TEM等技术对AuNWs进行表征。研究了AuNWs对罗丹明6G(R6G)和4-巯基苯甲酸(4-MBA)的拉曼散射信号的增强效果。实验结果表明:在制备过程中加入微生物ECCs,可使金回收率提高约20百分点;当溶液pH小于4时,反应2 h后,有大量呈线状的AuNWs聚集沉降,金回收率可达99%1以上。表征结果显示,AuNWs呈多晶结构,晶格间距为0.23 nm。表面增强拉曼散射分析表明,AuNWs对R6G和4-MBA具有良好的拉曼光谱增强性能。     

污水处理中紫外消毒效果的研究

紫外消毒技术相对于氯化法消毒,能够快速、有效地去除污水中粪大肠杆菌,操作简单方面,无副产物生成,对周围环境和人员安全可靠,在中国许多污水处理厂都已取代氯化法消毒并广泛应用。阐述了紫外消毒和微生物光复活现象的原理,并通过大量试验来研究紫外消毒技术去除粪大肠杆菌的效果,及经紫外消毒后出水中粪大肠杆菌光复活现象对紫外消毒效果的影响,提出可采用出水避光排放、增加紫外照射剂量、延长照射时间等方法来控制微生物光复活现象。     

载铜蒙脱石对大肠杆菌K88吸附性能的研究

以蒙脱石(MMT)和硫酸铜为主要原料,制备了载铜蒙脱石(MMT-Cu),并对MMT-Cu吸附大肠杆菌K88的能力进行比较研究.结果表明:MMT和MMT-Cu对大肠杆菌K88均有较强的吸附作用,但载铜后蒙脱石吸附大肠杆菌的能力明显增强.细菌与吸附材料作用90min后可达到吸附平衡.介质pH值、离子强度和吸附温度对MMT和MMT-Cu吸附细菌的能力均有不同程度的影响.     

远程氧等离子体灭活大肠杆菌的研究

研究放电等离子体灭活大肠杆菌的效果。采用远程氧等离子体反应器,分别考察探究放电功率、处理时间、氧气流量、远程距离及有机污染物对灭菌效果的影响,并观察灭菌前后大肠杆菌的显微结构。结果表明在100W,60s,40cm3/min条件下,远程氧等离子体的杀菌效果值在距放电区0、20、40cm处分别为3.42、3.38和3.32。有机物浓度升高,灭菌效果急剧下降。结论为氧等离子体在距放电区040cm内均能有效灭活大肠杆菌,但有机污染物影响较大。氧等离子体场中高能粒子的刻蚀作用是导致细菌死亡的主要原因。     

利用PCR-DGGE溯源典型农村塘坝饮用水中的污染

以华南地区典型农村塘坝饮用水为研究对象,采用基于大肠杆菌的两种特异性基因(β-D-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因uidA和膜外周磷通道蛋白编码基因phoE)的群体差异分析(PCR-DGGE),对饮用水中的污染情况进行了溯源研究.结果表明,采用富集培养的混合菌体DNA作为模板扩增大肠杆菌特异性基因更加实用.uidA和phoE的引物均...     

Antimicrobial activity of thin metallic silver flakes, waste products of a manufacturing process

The aim of the research was to develop new products and processes from a manufacturing waste from an Italian metallurgic company. The company produced thin silver metallic films and the production scraps were silver flakes. The possibility to use the silver flakes in water disinfection processes was studied. The antimicrobial activity of the flakes was investigated in batch using Escherichia coli as Gram-negative microorganism model. The flakes did not show any antimicrobial activity, so they were activated with two different processes: thermal activation in reducing atmosphere and chemical activation, obtaining, respectively, reduced flakes (RF) and chemical flakes (CF). The flakes, activated with either treatment, showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli. The kill rate was dependent on the type of activated flakes. The chemical flakes were more efficient than reduced flakes. The kill rate determined for 1 g of CF, 1.0 ± 0.2 min⁻¹, was greater than the kill rate determined for 1 g of RF, 0.069 ± 0.004 min⁻¹. This was confirmed also by the minimum inhibitory concentration values. It was demonstrated that the antimicrobial capability was dependent on flakes amount and on the type of aqueous medium. Furthermore, the flakes maintained their properties also when used a second time. Finally, the antimicrobial activities of flakes were tested in an effluent of a wastewater treatment plant where a variety of heterotrophic bacteria were present.     

Comparative study of heavy metal and pathogenic bacterial contamination in sludge and manure in biogas and non-biogas swine farms

The objective of this study is to determine and compare the heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) and bacterial (E. coli, coliform and Salmonella spp.) contamination between swine farms utilizing biogas and non-biogas systems in the central part of Thailand. Results showed that average levels of E. coli, coliform, BOD, COD, Zn, Cu and Pb in sludge from the post-biogas pond were higher than the standard limits. Moreover, the levels of E. coli, coliform, Cd and Pb were also higher than the standard limits for dry manure. The levels of E. coli, coliform and BOD on biogas farms were lower than on non-biogas farms. Following isolation of Salmonella spp:; it was found that Salmonella serovars Rissen was the most abundant at 18.46% (12/65), followed by Anatum 12.31% (8/65), and Kedougou 9.23% (6/65). The pathogenic strains of Salmonella serovars Paratyphi B var. java and Typhimurium were present in equal amounts at 4.62% (3/65) in samples from all swine farms. This study revealed that significant reduction in E. coli and coliform levels in sludge from covered lagoon biogas systems on swine farms. The presence of Salmonella as well as Cd and Pb, in significant amount in dry manure, suggests that there is a high probability of environmental contamination if it is used for agricultural purposes. Thus, careful waste and manure disposal from swine farms and the regular monitoring of wastewater is strongly recommended to ensure the safety of humans, other animals and the environment.     

Adsorptive property of Cu^2＋-loaded montmorillonite clays for Escherichia coli K_（88） in vitro

The Cu²⁺-loaded montmorillonite clays (MMT-Cu) may be a good material for the adsorbed and eliminated pathogenic bacteria from aqueous solution.