含氮生物降解促进剂对土壤吸附正十六烷的影响

选用正十六烷模拟润滑油,通过振荡平衡实验,考察了两种含氮脂肪酸型生物降解促进剂（甲基二乙醇胺油酸酯（MDEAO）和油酸二乙醇酰胺（ODEA））对水土体系中正十六烷吸附行为的影响。实验结果表明：正十六烷在水土体系中的有机质标化分配系数与土壤种类无关,与生物降解促进剂种类有关;土壤对正十六烷的吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;MDEAO的临界胶束浓度为2.0 mg/L,对土壤吸附正十六烷有一定的促进作用,ODEA的临界胶束浓度为0.7 mg/L,形成的胶束对正十六烷的增溶效果明显,促进了正十六烷在土壤中的解吸。     

天然除虫菊酯与拟除虫菊酯的对比及发展建议

在人工合成的化学农药造成严重环境污染的今天,随着人们健康和环保意识的不断提高,从除虫菊植株中提取出来的天然除虫菊酯以其高效广谱性和环境友好性再次引起人们的关注。通过对比天然除虫菊酯和目前使用广泛的人工合成的拟除虫菊酯,从化学结构、作用范围、杀虫效力、抗性、生态毒性、稳定性和成本等方面进行分析,发现拟除虫菊酯在应用过程中逐渐暴露出高抗性、毒性和环境蓄积性等弊端,而天然除虫菊酯却是具有环境友好性的生物农药。最后,从政策、市场需求和技术等层面对天然除虫菊酯的发展方向提出建议。     

盐度对模拟餐厨垃圾发酵液产聚羟基脂肪酸酯工艺的影响

利用餐厨垃圾发酵液生产聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)可以在废物处理的同时实现有价资源回收。为探究发酵液中盐分对产PHA菌群富集过程的影响,以模拟餐厨垃圾发酵液为底物,研究了盐度存在下污泥理化性质、富集过程主要指标及菌群PHA合成能力等变化。结果表明,未经盐度富集的菌群易受到盐度抑制,在15 g·L~(-1)的盐度条件下,污泥PHA最大合成量可降至39.9%。富集过程中盐度的增加有利于污泥沉降性的提升,低盐度(5 g·L~(-1))下菌群分泌胞外聚合物量最多,达49.8 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计),对菌群保护能力最强。不同盐度条件下的富集系统皆能保持较好的生态选择压力,但盐度对微生物生长的抑制随着浓度的增大而增强。经过盐度存在下长期富集后的污泥,在高盐度(10、15 g·L~(-1))底物条件下,仍能获得较高的PHA最大合成能力,但其较低的生长活性不利于最终PHA产量的提升,短期富集下,高盐度会抑制PHA的合成;而低盐度(5 g·L~(-1))有助于提高PHA合成能力,最高达50.5%。     

盐度对拟目乌贼生长及生化成分的影响

为探究盐度对拟目乌贼(Sepia lycidas)幼体生长和体生化成分的影响,采用突变和渐变两种实验方法研究了不同盐度(18、21、24、27、30、33)对其存活率、特定生长率、增重率、饵料系数与体生化成分的影响。结果表明:不同盐度对其存活率、特定生长率、增重率、饵料系数、体水分含量和粗蛋白质含量有显著的影响(P0.05),其粗脂肪和灰分影响不显著(P0.05)。存活率、特定生长率、增重率和粗蛋白质含量随着盐度升高先增后减,饵料系数先减后增,水分含量随着盐度升高而增加的趋势。其生长适宜的盐度是21~33,最适盐度为27~30。     

正辛烷替代甲苯用于降凝剂酯化物生产的研究

比较了多种溶剂替代甲苯,优选正辛烷替代甲苯用于降凝剂酯化物的生产。室内试验、工业生产和现场应用表明,试验正辛烷后,酯化物和降凝剂的质量没有影响,生产环境得到了改善。     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

利用污泥水解酸化液合成PHAs菌株的分离和鉴定

该实验模拟污泥水解酸化出水有机酸,通过饱饥驯化法,苏丹黑和尼罗蓝染色初筛,傅立叶变换红外光谱法(FT-IR)复筛,得到一株能以城市污泥水解酸化出水混合有机酸为唯一碳源生长并积累中长链聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs)的菌株X-3。经分子生物学鉴定该菌为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)。培养实验表明碳氮比对菌株PHAs积累率有较大影响,碳氮比增高有利于菌株积累PHAs。该菌以实际污泥水解酸化液为培养基正常生长并积累PHAs。     

面外荷载作用下砖墙抗震性能试验研究

针对村镇建筑震害中常见的砖墙平面外破坏或倒塌现象,采用气囊加载的方式,对6片足尺带翼缘砖墙进行平面外低周反复加载试验,研究了墙体的破坏特征、极限强度和位移、刚度变化和耗能能力,并考虑了墙宽、竖向荷载和加固措施等因素的影响。结果表明,带翼缘墙体的破坏形态与三边约束的混凝土板的破坏形态相似,开裂后仍能维持很大的侧向位移而不发生倒塌;竖向荷载可明显提高墙体的初始刚度和开裂强度;墙宽增大会使得墙体开裂强度和耗能能力下降,拐角采用混凝土预制板加固后,墙体耗能能力有所提高,中间增加混凝土构造柱后,墙体耗能能力进一步提高。     

丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯的合成与螯合性能研究

用2,3-二羟基苯甲酸经羟基保护、酰胺化、酯化和去保护4步反应,生成一种新型的四齿丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯配体.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)和质谱(MS)对其结构进行了表征.在中性pH值条件下,研究了这种配体对铀酰离子的络合能力.结果表明,丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯配体与铀酰离子的螯合常数为23.2.