基于亨利定律的水中臭氧浓度检测方法研究

为提高水中臭氧(O_3)浓度检测方法的普适性、准确性和便捷性,提出了一种新的非接触式的水中O_3浓度检测方法。基于亨利定律(Henry’s Law),采用电化学方法,建立空气中O_3浓度与水中O_3浓度的回归方程,从而推导出水中O_3浓度。实验结果显示,水体O_3传感器的检出限为0.02 mg/L,检测上限为0.40 mg/L,可决系数R~2为0.998 9,相对误差最大值为7.05%,相对标准偏差最大值为2.82%。实际样品检测显示,水体O_3检测传感器的检测结果与O_3快速测定试剂盒(DPD法)的检测结果完全吻合。该方法不但综合了智能传感器的小型化、网络化、实时测量等特性,而且结构简单、成本低、响应快,适用于水体中O_3浓度的快速检测。     

空气中臭氧的测定

本方法于硼酸碘化钾溶液中加入了硫代硫酸钠做为吸收液,避免了采样过程中的碘的挥发,用自己研制的臭氧过滤器采集零空气样品(不含臭氧的空气),根据平行采集的样品减零空气样品的示差原理间接测定臭氧含量,排除了氮氧化物等其它氧化性气体的干扰,抵消了由试剂不纯、温度变化、溶液不稳定等客观因素引起的系统误差,建立了用化学法测定空气中臭氧浓度的新方法.     

珠三角地区林木天然源碳氧化合物的排放及其对臭氧浓度的影响

使用封闭式采术法分析测定了珠江三解洲地区主要优势树种天然碳氢化合物的排放速率，用源调查法推算出该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放通量，测定树种包括马尾松、湿地松、黎蒴、尾叶桉、南洋楹、大叶相思、荷木。经分析，所测树木排放的碳氢化合物主要有萜烯类和异戊二烯，其中鉴定出的萜烯有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、蒈烯、莰烯、桧烯、柠檬烯、罗勒烯等。同时，本报告按9km&;#215;9km的网格精度估算了珠三角地区森林面积分布数据，根据测定的排放因子以及其他地相关资料，首次对该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放量进行了估算，计算出全年森林向大气中释放碳氢化合物19.6万t，占该地区大气中碳氢化合物排放总量的57%。根据二维格子空气质量模式和CBM-IV机理模拟了天然源排放碳氢化合物对研究地区臭氧产生浓度的影响。     

兰州西固工业区夏季光化学烟雾污染的气象条件

通过对兰州西固工业区光化学烟雾污染规律与气象条件的关系的研究表明,在高空槽后的低空弱高压控制下,西固区出现高的臭氧浓度值,此时大气层结稳定,风很小,天气晴朗,但中午有浓重烟雾,臭氧浓度峰值在中午出现。该区盆地内形成的光化学烟雾烟团水平面积达几十公里,臭氧浓度的日变化取决于太阳总辐射和大气边界层的日变化。     

最小二乘支持向量机在臭氧浓度时间序列预测中试应用

将基于统计学理论的最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)方法试用于臭氧浓度时间序列预测.首先利用臭氧浓度时间序列资料重构了该混沌动力系统的相空间,然后沿着系统演化的相轨道用最小二乘支持向量机建立了臭氧浓度短时预测模型,并用上海市淀山湖站的臭氧观测资料做了提前1～8 h和提前24 h预报试验,结果显示这一模式能够较好地模拟臭氧浓度演化轨迹,提前1～8 h的预测精度均超过90%,提前24 h预报精度亦都在68%以上,预报效果较好.     

臭氧污染对不同品种小麦养分吸收与分配的影响

近地层臭氧(O3)污染会危害植物生长,势必间接影响氮素吸收利用.本研究利用开放式臭氧污染(Free-air O3 concentration enrichment,O3FACE)研究平台,研究了大气O3浓度增加(比周围大气高50％)对长江三角洲地区5个冬小麦(Tritcium aestivum L.)主栽品种(扬麦15、扬麦16、烟农19、扬幅麦2号和嘉兴002)的物质积累、氮素吸收与分配的影响.结果显示,O3浓度升高对秸秆和籽粒的影响远大于根系.烟农19、嘉兴002和扬麦16的产量因O3浓度升高而减少,而扬麦15和扬幅麦2号产量则变化不大.扬幅麦2号与嘉兴002的秸秆干物重因O3浓度升高而显著增加,扬麦15与烟农19分别呈增大与降低趋势,而扬麦16则无变化表明O3污染对小麦干物质积累与分配的影响存在品种差异.O3浓度升高影响氮素在小麦根、秸秆和籽粒中的含量与分配趋势,但影响程度因品种而异.O3浓度升高导致扬幅麦2号的总吸氮量显著增加30.6％及烟农19的总吸氮量呈增加趋势,并使嘉兴002的总吸氮量显著降低34.8％及扬麦16总吸氮量呈降低趋势,但扬麦15的总吸氮量则不受影响.除扬麦15外,O3浓度升高具有减少籽粒氮占总氮比例的趋势,表明小麦响应O3污染对氮素吸收与分配调整机制存在品种差异.扬麦16、烟农19和嘉兴002的氮肥偏生产力因O3浓度升高而显著降低,而扬麦15和扬幅麦2号则无明显变化.扬麦16和嘉兴002的氮肥利用率因O3浓度升高显著降低,而扬幅麦2号呈增加趋势,扬麦15、烟农19呈降低趋势.综合来看,小麦扬麦15抗O3污染能力强于其它品种,而嘉兴002则最易遭受臭氧污染危害.评价O3污染对小麦干物质与产量的形成与分配、氮素在植物-土壤系统周转的影响应综合考虑品种差异.     

A numerical study of summer ozone concentration over the Kanto area of Japan using the MM5/CMAQ model

We assessed the ability of the MM5/CMAQ model to predict ozone (O3) air quality over the Kanto area and to investigate the factors that a ect simulation of O3. We find that the coupled MM5/CMAQ model is a useful tool for the analysis of urban environmental problems. The simulation results were compared with observational data and were found to accurately replicate most of the important observed characteristics. The initial and boundary conditions were found to have a significant e ect on simulated O3 concentrations. The results show that on hot and dry days with high O3 concentration, the CMAQ model provides a poor simulation of O3 maxima when using initial and boundary conditions derived from the CMAQ default data. The simulation of peak O3 concentrations is improved with the JCAP initial and boundary conditions. On mild days, the default CMAQ initial and boundary conditions provide a more realistic simulation. Meteorological conditions also have a strong impact on the simulated distribution and accumulation of O3 concentrations in this area. Low O3 concentrations are simulated during mild weather conditions, and high concentrations are predicted during hot and dry weather. By investigating the e ects of di erent meteorological conditions on each model process, we find that advection and di usion di er the most between the two meteorological regimes. Thus, di erences in the winds that govern the transport of O3 and its precursors are likely the most important meteorological drivers of ozone concentration over the central Kanto area.     

Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011

Based on the observation by a Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network including 16 monitoring stations, temporal and spatial variations of ozone(O3), NO2and total oxidant(Ox) were analyzed by both linear regression and cluster analysis. A fast increase of regional O3concentrations of 0.86 ppbV/yr was found for the annual averaged values from 2006 to 2011 in Guangdong, China. Such fast O3increase is accompanied by a correspondingly fast NOx reduction as indicated by a fast NO2 reduction rate of 0.61 ppbV/yr. Based on a cluster analysis, the monitoring stations were classified into two major categories – rural stations(non-urban) and suburban/urban stations. The O3concentrations at rural stations were relatively conserved while those at suburban/urban stations showed a fast increase rate of 2.0 ppbV/yr accompanied by a NO2 reduction rate of 1.2 ppbV/yr. Moreover, a rapid increase of the averaged O3 concentrations in springtime(13%/yr referred to 2006 level) was observed, which may result from the increase of solar duration, reduction of precipitation in Guangdong and transport from Eastern Central China. Application of smog production algorithm showed that the photochemical O3production is mainly volatile organic compounds(VOC)-controlled. However, the photochemical O3production is sensitive to both NOx and VOC for O3pollution episode. Accordingly, it is expected that a combined NOx and VOC reduction will be helpful for the reduction of the O3 pollution episodes in Pearl River Delta while stringent VOC emission control is in general required for the regional O3 pollution control.     

试点城市O3浓度特征分析

利用2009年O3试点城市的03监测数据,分析了北京、天津、上海、青岛、沈阳和广东的03浓度变化特征,统计了年超标情况,并结合气象要素数据分析了其对03浓度的影响.结果表明,不同城市各点位间03浓度变化趋势基本一致,但因点位类型不同,浓度存在差异；O3浓度呈单峰型日变化,在13:00-15:00出现最大值,6:00-7:00出现最小值；O3超标主要集中在4-8月份,广州和北京超标现象较多；O3浓度受温度、降水、风速和风向等气象要素影响较大.     

成都市大气水汽与空气质量关系的研究

为深入分析大气水汽对空气质量的影响,基于2016年成都温江国家气候观象台的气象观测资料和成都市环境监测中心的环境空气质量指数(AQI),首先利用地面气象要素估算出逐时的大气可降水量(PWV),继而结合空气质量指数资料研究了成都地区降水、静稳天气、太阳辐射强度等气象条件对空气质量及其与大气水汽关系的影响.结果表明:在降水条件下,臭氧(O_3)浓度随着PWV的增大而显著减小,PWV与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度的正相关系数减小,其中对PWV与PM_(10)浓度的相关性影响最大,相关系数减小47.62%.PWV与O_3的负相关系数在春季增大、夏季减小;PWV与PM_(2.5)的正相关系数在秋、冬季减小.当天气处于高静稳指数时,PWV变化对污染物浓度变化的影响更为显著.不同太阳辐射强度下,PWV与O_3的相关性也不同,随着太阳辐射增强,PWV与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的相关性从正相关转变为负相关.