Exploiting plant metabolism for the phytoremediation of persistent herbicides

Weed control by herbicides has helped us to create the green revolution and to provide food for at least the majority of human beings living today. However, some herbicides remain in the environment and pose an ecological problem. The present review describes the properties and fate of four representative herbicides known to be presistent in ecosystems. Metabolic networks are depicted and it is concluded that removal of these compounds by the ecologically friendly technique of phytoremediation is possible. The largest problem is seen in the uptake of the compounds into suitable plants and the time needed for such an approach.     

异丙隆降解菌Y57的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从农药厂的活性污泥中分离出1株能高效降解异丙隆的细菌Y57,通过生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonassp.).接种量为1%的Y57可以在48h之内将30mg/L的异丙隆完全降解,降解率达到99%以上,降解最适pH值为7.0,降解效率与接种量呈正相关,在通气良好状况下降解速率较高.1mmol/L的Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺可以提高Y57降解异丙隆速率;1mmol/L的Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺对降解有明显的抑制作用;1000mg/L的酵母粉、葡萄糖、牛肉膏或蛋白胨对降解具有抑制作用.降解谱实验表明,Y57还可以降解绿麦隆、敌草隆、敌稗等除草剂.     

Modelling the fate of organic chemicals in the soil plant environment: Model study of root uptake of pesticides

The fate of organic chemicals in the soil-plant-atmosphere environment and the governing processes were studied with a coupled dynamic soil transport and plant compartment model. Scenarios with applications of pesticides on sand and loam soils with chemical uptake in barley and wheat were used in the model calculations. Root uptake and concentrations in the plant compartments stem, leave and fruit were calculated for the pesticides terbuthylazine, isoproturon and carbofuran.

The effectivity of uptake from soils with different soil sorption coefficients had been shown for sand and loam soils. The processes degradation in plant and volatilization from leaves to atmosphere are especially effective for carbofuran and terbuthylazine. Although the concentrations in corn at harvest are lower than the maximum allowed concentrations, the peak concentrations in the course of the vegetation period are significantly higher (factor ≤ 200).     

人工底泥对除草剂生物有效性的影响

以StompSC(有效成分为二甲戊灵)和Hora FloSC(有效成分为异丙隆)2种除草剂为供试药剂,以栅藻(Sencedesmus subspicatus)为非目标生物,建立了一种在水/底泥系统内检测农药生物有效性的方法.除草剂在该系统内的吸附程度比预测的低.除草剂的生物有效性主要取决于其极性,亲脂性的二甲戊灵被人工底泥强烈吸附,因而对水藻的生物有效性低.此外生物有效性还可能与水中是否存在可溶性有机碳(DOC)有关.     

Performance evaluation of isoproturon-degrading indigenous bacterial isolates in soil microcosm

Isoproturon (IPU)-degrading soil bacteria were isolated from herbicide-applied wheat fields. These isolates were identified using cultural, morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing methods. 16S rRNA sequences of both the bacterial isolates were compared with NCBI GenBank data base and identified as Bacillus pumilus and Pseudoxanthomonas sp. A soil microcosm study was carried out for 40 days in six different treatments. Experimental results revealed maximum 95.98% IPU degradation in treatment 6 where bacterial consortia were augmented in natural soil, followed by 91.53% in treatment 5 enriched with organic manure as an additional carbon source. However, only 14.03% IPU was degraded in treatment 1 (control) after 40 days. In treatments (2–4), 75.59%, 70.92% and 77.32% IPU degradation was recorded, respectively. IPU degradation in all the treatments varied significantly over the control. 4-Isopropylaniline was detected as IPU degradation by-product in the medium. The study confirmed that B. pumilus and Pseudoxanthomonas sp. performed effectively in soil microcosms and could be employed profitably for field-scale bioremediation experiments.     

酶联免疫吸附法测定水中异丙隆

建立了测定水中异丙隆的酶联免疫吸附法。灵敏度0.97μg/L，最低检出限0.03μg/L16种取代脲类除草剂的交叉反应率低于2.2%。水样可不经分离提取直接测定。10%甲醇、2%乙腈和2%乙醇不影响测定。比较了11种与异丙隆结构相近的半抗原的活性。     

Solar photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide isoproturon on a Bi–TiO2/zeolite photocatalyst

The photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide isoproturon under solar light was investigated in aqueous solution containing a Bi–TiO₂/zeolite photocatalyst. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of Bi–TiO₂ loading onto the zeolite support and influence of the parameters such as catalyst amount, pH, and initial concentration of isoproturon on the degradation rate were evaluated. The recycling ability of the catalyst was found to be sustainable for elongated periods. The high activity of the Bi–TiO₂/zeolite was attributed to its absorptivity of visible light and its high adsorption capacity for the pollutant molecules.     

异丙隆在土壤和小麦中的降解与残留

在扬州和聊城两地进行了除草剂异丙隆在小麦上和麦田土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量试验，结果表明，异丙隆在小麦植株和土壤中消解较快，消解半衰期分别为３～４ｄ和８～１４ｄ；收获时小麦籽粒中异丙隆残留量小于０．０４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。推荐暂定异丙隆在小麦上ＭＲＩＬ值为０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。２５％异丙隆可湿性粉剂，按７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２用量，在次年早春（２月）使用，籽粒中异丙隆最终残留量不会超过ＭＲＬ值，对小麦是安全的。     

Biodegradation behavior of agricultural pesticides in anaerobic batch reactors

This study explored the biodegradation potential of two agricultural pesticides (2,4-D and isoproturon) as well as their effect on the performance of the anaerobic digestion process. Three 3.5 L batch reactors were used, having the same initial isoproturon concentration (25 mg/L) and different 2,4-D concentrations (i.e. 0, 100, or 300 mg/L, respectively). All systems were fed with equal amounts of primary sludge and digested sludge and operated at the low mesophilic range (32 ± 2°C). Following an acclimation period of approximately 30 days, complete 2,4-D removal was achieved, whereas isoproturon biodegradation was practically negligible. The presence of 2,4-D did not have a direct effect on acidogenesis since soluble organic carbon [expressed either as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) or as total organic carbon (TOC)] peaked within the first 10 days of operation in all bioreactors. Utilization of VFAs however appeared to follow two distinct patterns: one pattern was represented by acetate and butyrate (i.e. no acid accumulation) while the other was followed by propionate, isobuturate, valerate and isovalerate (i.e. acid accumulation, duration of which was related to the initial 2,4-D concentration). On the whole, all reactors exhibited a successful digestion performance demonstrated by complete VFAs utilization, considerable gas production (containing 45 to 65% methane by volume), substantial volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction (42 to 50%), as well as pH and alkalinity recovery.