黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性变化

为研究海拔变化和退化过程中高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性的变化规律,利用MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析不同海拔活动斑块、非活动斑块、恢复斑块和高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性,利用冗余分析对细菌多样性和环境因子进行分析.结果发现,3种类型斑块中主要的土壤细菌门均是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）.细菌优势属为RB 41 、鞘脂单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）和慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）.RB 41 和慢生根瘤菌属相对丰度随海拔升高而下降,随斑块演替而增加,但3种类型退化斑块相对丰度均显著低于高寒草甸（P<0.05）.退化斑块土壤碳固定功能的细菌丰度,大于健康高寒草甸.不同斑块的细菌Chao1指数和物种数显著高于高寒草甸（P<0.05）.冗余分析发现,生物结皮盖度和全氮是海拔4013 m处细菌优势门的主要影响因子;生物量、全氮和pH对高海拔4224 m细菌优势门影响较大.生物量和全钾显著影响海拔4013 m的细菌属分布,海拔4224 m地区莎草科盖度和速效氮为细菌优势属的主要影响因子.生物结皮和pH对细菌多样性影响较大.不同海拔地区细菌的影响因子发生着较大变化,在研究细菌多样性变化的过程中,不仅要关注高寒草地退化的影响,还应考虑海拔高度的作用.     

黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸土壤微生物多样性对长期封育的响应

为了明确黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸土壤细菌和真菌群落对长期封育的响应特征,通过对土壤理化性质分析和高通量测序技术,对1年期(E1)、短期(E4)和长期(E10)围栏封育下土壤pH、含水量、养分和微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析.结果表明,E1封育显著降低土壤pH,而长短期封育均显著提高土壤pH,长期封育能显著提高土壤含水量和全氮含量,短期封育能显著提高土壤速效磷含量.长期封育能显著提高细菌变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和真菌子囊菌门(Ascomycota)相对丰度,短期封育能显著提高细菌酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)相对丰度,但长短期封育均使真菌担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度下降;随着封育年限的延长,细菌的Chao1和Shannon多样性指数呈增加趋势,长短期封育无显著差异,真菌的Chao1指数逐渐增加,Shannon多样性指数先增加后减小,长短期封育无显著差异.冗余分析(RDA)表明,围栏封育主要通过改变土壤pH和含水量来改变微生物群落组成和结构.因此,E4短期封育能明显改善斑块化退化高寒草甸的土壤理化性质和微生物多样性,无需进行长期封育,否则会造...     

The Future of Scattered Trees in Agricultural Landscapes

Abstract: Mature trees scattered throughout agricultural landscapes are critical habitat for some biota and provide a range of ecosystem services. These trees are declining in intensively managed agricultural landscapes globally. We developed a simulation model to predict the rates at which these trees are declining, identified the key variables that can be manipulated to mitigate this decline, and compared alternative management proposals. We used the initial numbers of trees in the stand, the predicted ages of these trees, their rate of growth, the number of recruits established, the frequency of recruitment, and the rate of tree mortality to simulate the dynamics of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. We applied this simulation model to case studies from Spain, United States, Australia, and Costa Rica. We predicted that mature trees would be lost from these landscapes in 90–180 years under current management. Existing management recommendations for these landscapes—which focus on increasing recruitment—would not reverse this trend. The loss of scattered mature trees was most sensitive to tree mortality, stand age, number of recruits, and frequency of recruitment. We predicted that perpetuating mature trees in agricultural landscapes at or above existing densities requires a strategy that keeps mortality among established trees below around 0.5% per year, recruits new trees at a rate that is higher than the number of existing trees, and recruits new trees at a frequency in years equivalent to around 15% of the maximum life expectancy of trees. Numbers of mature trees in landscapes represented by the case studies will decline before they increase, even if strategies of this type are implemented immediately. This decline will be greater if a management response is delayed.     

A spatial clustering perspective on autocorrelation and regionalization

We revisit one of the classical problems in geography and cartography where multiple observations on a lattice (N) need to be grouped into many fewer regions (G), especially when this number of desired regions is unknown a priori. Since an optimization through all possible aggregations is not feasible, a hierarchical classification scheme is proposed with an objective function sensitive to spatial pattern. The objective function to be minimized during the assignment of observations to regions (classification) consists of two terms: the first characterizes accuracy and the second, model complexity. For the latter, we introduce a spatial measure that characterizes the number of homogeneous patches rather than the usual number of classes. A simulation study shows that such a classification procedure is less sensitive to random and spatially correlated error (noise) than non-spatial classification. We also show that for conditional autoregressive error (noise) fields the optimal partitioning is the one that has the highest within-units generalized Moran coefficient. The classifier is implemented in ArcView to demonstrate both a socio-economic and an environmental application to illustrate some potential applications.

林冠特征对城市森林斑块消减空气PM2.5质量浓度的影响

研究城市森林斑块消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,以及这种能力的主要影响因素,对改善城市空气环境具有重要的意义.本研究测定了南昌市典型城市森林斑块消减PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力(PM_(2.5)AC),并分析了PM_(2.5)AC对城市森林斑块林分组成、冠层特征的响应.研究表明:南昌市城市森林斑块具有显著消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,其中针叶林斑块PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到9.15%,阔叶纯林最低3.82%;整体上春季PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到7.34%,冬季最低3.76%.城市森林斑块PM_(2.5)AC与林冠特征中的LAI(叶面积指数)显著正相关,与DIFN(天空开度)显著负相关,与斑块特征中的斑块面积、林分结构、斑块总叶面积显著正相关.通过综合分析,城市森林斑块总叶面积是主导PM_(2.5)AC的主要影响因素.     

B样条曲线曲面特殊形状的构造原理与方法

在曲线曲面的设计中,经常遇到特殊形状的设计,如直线中插入尖点和直线段,曲面中插入棱线和直纹面,这些简单重型值点方法来实现,但若在曲面中夹尖点,平面片和棱角仍存在较大困难,而这些特殊形状在曲面设计中又经常用到,本文通过巧妙地构造型值点阵,得到了夹平面片,尖点和棱角的3次B样条曲面的构造原理与方法.图8,参6.     

内蒙古典型草原灌丛和草地斑块土壤水分入渗特征

Water is the most critical factor for controlling the vegetation pattern in arid and semiarid regions. Using a dye-tracing experiment, we analyzed the infiltration pattern beneath shrub canopy and interspace grass patches in typical steppe ecosystems. The dye coverage, uniform infiltration depth, maximum infiltration depth, total stained area and heterogeneous infiltration stained area were measured by two indices, the maximum infiltration depth index (MIDI) and heterogeneous infiltration index (HII), which were calculated by processing dye-stained photos. The MIDI and HII of soil under shrubs were 1.41±0.14 and 0.29±0.068, respectively, and larger than those of grass soil, 1.26±0.14 and 0.20±0.076. Using the MIDI, HII, field soil moisture and rainfall data, the infiltration depth and heterogeneous infiltration amount for 26 nature rainfall events were calculated. The results imply that water can infiltrate to a deeper layer beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches and that more water infiltration occurs beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches. These results are of prime importance for arid and semiarid ecosystems with a limited water supply due to high evaporation and low precipitation.     

基于Poisson对数线性模型的居民点与地理因子的相关性研究

在基于图斑的地理因子库基础上．通过样本采样、数据预处理、建立Poisson对数线性模型、模型估计、统计检验和假设检验等一系列处理过程．研究全国范围内居民点个数与地貌类型、表土质地、高程带、土地利用类型、年降水量和平均气温等地理因子的相关关系．定量地揭示地理气候条件对居民点分布的影响。从而对挖掘具有特定地理气候特征的地理单元内居民点分布的规律．进而推演目标区域内居民点分布的特性并估算该区域内居民点个数打下理论和数据基础。本文是地理学与统计学交叉研究。运用本文的结论．结合不同人口或经济发展水平等级的居民地的研究．将对区域内人口、资源与环境的协调发展做出贡献。     

水华藻斑漂移速度时变特征研究

以太湖水华藻斑为研究对象,采用自主研发的藻斑漂移原位观测技术,研究分析了不同时间尺度下太湖蓝藻水华易发区藻斑漂移速度的变化特征.结果表明：日内藻斑漂移速率在（0.0793±0.0135）~（0.146±0.0318）m/s范围内变化,藻斑漂移速度的北向分量在-0.0896~0.0247m/s之间,东向分量在-0.0157~0.0029m/s之间.漂移速率日均值变化呈现出锯齿式交替特征即增加-减少-再增加的往复循环,变化范围为（0.0499±0.0141）~（0.1580±0.0120）m/s,漂移方向以北向为主.藻斑漂移速度的月际变化明显,6月~8月,向东漂移的占比逐渐降低,而向西漂移的占比逐渐增加,此期间漂移方向均以北向为主.漂移速率6月上旬最小,均值为0.0680m/s,7月上旬达到最大,均值为0.1350m/s,7月中旬~8月下旬水华藻斑漂移速率在0.0800m/s附近波动.     

基于景观连接度的斑块分级的尺度效应

认识到尺度对景观格局分析结果的影响,生态学家们越来越多地进行尺度效应的相关研究.已有的尺度效应研究多注重描述景脱格局指数对尺度变化的响应,这只能对景观的状态进行描述.无法辨别那些对景观功能具有重要意义的关键景观元素.文章选取8个景观连接度指数.通过改变最小制图单元和物种的搜索范围,研究尺度对斑块分等定级的影响,并据此确定各连接度指数的尺度敏感性.结果表明:景观中斑块的相对重要性随尺度变化而变化,其变化程度因指数而异.其中,AWF为尺度效应最不明显的指数,PC和IIC次之,其余指数(NL,NC,LCP,H和F)的尺度效应均十分显著;在衡量景观的连通性时,除IIC外的其他所有指数的尺度效应均十分显著.由此说明,根据连接度指数确定的斑块相对重要性的尺度敏感性与该指数本身的尺度敏感性无关.