Unintentional non-traffic injury and fatal events: Threats to children in and around vehicles

Objective: There have been substantial reductions in motor vehicle crash–related child fatalities due to advances in legislation, public safety campaigns, and engineering. Less is known about non-traffic injuries and fatalities to children in and around motor vehicles. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of various non-traffic incidents, injuries, and fatalities to children using a unique surveillance system and database.

Methods: Instances of non-traffic injuries and fatalities in the United States to children 0–14 years were tracked from January 1990 to December 2014 using a compilation of sources including media reports, individual accounts from families of affected children, medical examiner reports, police reports, child death review teams, coroner reports, medical professionals, legal professionals, and other various modes of publication.

Results: Over the 25-year period, there were at least 11,759 events resulting in 3,396 deaths. The median age of the affected child was 3.7 years. The incident types included 3,115 children unattended in hot vehicles resulting in 729 deaths, 2,251 backovers resulting in 1,232 deaths, 1,439 frontovers resulting in 692 deaths, 777 vehicles knocked into motion resulting in 227 deaths, 415 underage drivers resulting in 203 deaths, 172 power window incidents resulting in 61 deaths, 134 falls resulting in 54 deaths, 79 fires resulting in 41 deaths, and 3,377 other incidents resulting in 157 deaths.

Conclusions: Non-traffic injuries and fatalities present an important threat to the safety and lives of very young children. Future efforts should consider complementary surveillance mechanisms to systematically and comprehensively capture all non-traffic incidents. Continued education, engineering modifications, advocacy, and legislation can help continue to prevent these incidents and must be incorporated in overall child vehicle safety initiatives.     

The prenatal diagnosis of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) by mutation analysis

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an important cause of hereditary stroke. Mutations in the Notch3 gene are clearly causally linked to this progressive vascular disorder. Cerebral ischemic attacks, cognitive decline, strokes, and vascular dementia constitute the major manifestations of this disorder. This report details the prenatal detection of a Notch3 mutation in the fetus of a couple where the father had a known mutation in this gene. This is the first report of a prenatal diagnosis of CADASIL, and another example of a serious, highly penetrant, and relentlessly progressive degenerative genetic disorder presenting decades after birth and for which prenatal diagnosis is an option. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

录井系统雷击危害分析及模拟试验研究

针对雷击电磁辐射对录井系统的危害问题，建立了录井系统线路雷击危害模拟试验模型，采用8/20 μs冲击电流发生器，开展了录井系统的雷击耦合试验，定量分析了雷击电磁辐射对录井系统的影响。研究结果表明:随着电流的增大和距离电流通道的减小，耦合的电压随之增大；线缆长度越长耦合的电压越大，最大耦合电压达到了2 720 V；屏蔽层接地可以有效地减小电磁辐射对线缆的耦合作用。     

城市中摩托车的大气污染及控制技术

论述了城市中,特别是在中国,摩托车对大气污染的严重性及其有害排放的特殊性;国际上排放法规的进步与中国的差距。在降低摩托车,主要是二冲程摩托车对大气污染的技术措施中,着重论述低烟二冲程油的试验研究。结果表明,采用低烟二冲程油是降低摩托车排烟污染的关键措施。     

建筑物走廊型通道中火灾烟气流动特性的研究

应用网络模型方法,将建筑物走廊型通道合理地划分为多个节点,在火源为10kg木材的情况下,利用已开发成功的烟流性状预测软件对四川消防科研所的一座实体建筑物进行了模拟计算,获得了各节点烟流性状的发展变化规律。经比较,模型计算结果与实验数据十分符合。证明走廊型通道的多节点划分方法正确、预测软件实用可靠。根据烟气侵入走道中两节点的时间差及两节点间距,提出了烟气弥漫速度的计算方法。该算法与实测结果间的相对误差小于3%,实例应用及研究的成果,为建筑物火灾时安全疏散动态模拟研究提供了理论依据。     

加油加气站雷击静电事故分析及安全防护技术

雷击主要损坏加油加气站电子系统设备并引发一系列危害,大都是雷电波侵入和雷电反击造成,静电易引发火灾和爆炸。结合近几年来,山东省淄博地区汽车加油加气站现有防雷防静电装置的检测（验收）情况,归纳出缺少防直击雷装置、缺失SPD防护、未共用同一地网等五个方面的重大安全隐患,并逐一给出整改措施。对大型加油加气站应依据雷电灾害风险评估来确定其防雷类别,新建站的防雷防静电装置应严格按照设计、施工和验收＂三同时＂原则,建立雷击静电事故应急处置预案和定期检测与维护防雷防静电装置是加油加气站安全生产的重要关键环节。     

Optimization of the levels of grip force,stroke rotation,frequency and grip span for a torqueing task

This study was to investigate the effects of grip force, frequency, stroke rotation and grip-span on discomfort and obtain best posture for hand tool users. Fifteen male participants volunteered in this study. Participants performed combined gripping with torqueing exertions for 5 min for two levels of frequency (10 and 20 exertions/min) at two levels of grip force (50 and 70 N), two levels of stroke rotation (30^○ and 60^○) and three levels of grip-span (4.7, 6 and 7.3 cm). Therefore, a 2×2×2×3 full factorial design was used. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that frequency, stroke rotation and grip-span were significant on discomfort score. Minimum discomfort and comfortable posture was found to be 90 N grip force with 10 exertions/min for 60° stroke rotation at 6-cm grip-span. The grip force, frequency and stroke rotation were found significant on EMG activity of forearm muscles using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The extensor muscles were found more activated than flexor muscles during the given task.     

大型浮顶储油罐雷击事故分析及防范对策

对几起典型的大型浮顶储油罐雷击事故进行了分析,总结了这些事故存在的共性问题。通过开展大型浮顶储油罐的直击雷及雷电感应模拟试验,找出大型浮顶储油罐导电片等现有防雷设施在设计和安装中存在的问题,提出了取消二次密封装置上的导电片、安装等电位连接装置等技术措施,以有效减少大型浮顶储油罐火灾事故的发生。     

苏州地区雷电分布规律及对农村安全的影响

利用苏州地区2002年到2007年闪电定位系统监测资料，分析了该地区地闪空间和时间分布特征。结果表明，苏州市区、北部张家港地区是闪电频发的中心地带，太湖流域和苏州市区是强雷电流多发区。而就雷电的时间分布规律而言，苏州地区平均雷暴日的年变化基本上呈正态分布，在夏季达到峰值。闪击次数日变化呈双峰分布，上午10时左右是闪电最少时段，峰值出现在凌晨2时和下午19时，其中19时为日均最高值。夏季19时左右是该地区强对流天气最易发展成熟的时段。同时，还分析了苏州地区农村防雷的现状，发现造成目前雷灾频发的原因既有自然地理位置的因素，也有人为方面的原因，并针对农村安全提出了合理选择防雷设计参数和加强雷电预警预报工作两点建议.