湖北省湿地的保护与利用

湿地是地球上具有多功能的、独特的生态系统，是人类最重要的生存环境之一。湖北省地处长江中游，湿地类型多，面积较大，河、湖湿地系统是主要的湿地类型。湖北湿地具有较大的资源潜力和环境调节功能，是自然界生物多样性丰富的生态景观。近年来，湖北省湿地保护面临人口增长的压力，围垦、污染和过度开发等对湿地保护构成了严重威胁，湿地环境遭到干扰和破坏。加强湿地科学的研究，保护管理好湖北湿地及其生态环境，实现湿地资源的持续利用，是湖北省2l世纪环保工作所面临的一项重要而紧迫的任务。     

Changes Of Hydrological Environment And Their Influences On Coastal Wetlands InThe Southern Laizhou Bay, China

The structure and function of the coastal wetland ecosystem in the southern Laizhou Bay have been changed greatly and influenced by regional hydrological changes. The coastal wetlands have degraded significantly during the latest 30 years due to successive drought, decreasing of runoff, pollution, underground saline water intrusion, and aggravating marine disasters such as storm tides and sea level rising. Most archaic lakes have vanished, while artificial wetlands have been extending since natural coastal wetlands replaced by salt areas and ponds of shrimps and crabs. The pollution of sediments in inter-tidal wetlands and the pollution of water quality in sub-tidal wetlands are getting worse and therefore “red tides” happen more often than before. The biodiversity in the study area has been decreased. Further studies are still needed to protect the degraded coastal wetlands in the area.     

Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on performance of phosphorus removal in a laboratory-scale vertical flow constructed wetland

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) have been widely used in many fields,which raised concerns about potential threats to biological sewage treatment systems.In this study,the phosphorus removal performance,enzymatic activity and microbial population dynamics in constructed wetlands(CWs) were evaluated under a long-term exposure to Ag NPs(0,50,and 200 μg/L) for 450 days.Results have shown that Ag NPs inhibited the phosphorus removal efficiency in a short-term exposure,whereas caused no obviously negative effects from a long-term perspective.Moreover,in the coexisting CW system of Ag NPs and phosphorus,competition exhibited in the initial exposure phase,however,cooperation between them was observed in later phase.Enzymatic activity of acid-phosphatase at the moderate temperature(10–20°C) was visibly higher than that at the high temperature(20–30℃) and CWs with Ag NPs addition had no appreciable differences compared with the control.High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial richness,diversity and composition of CWs were distinctly affected with the extension of exposure time at different Ag NPs levels.However,the phosphorus removal performance of CWs did not decline with the decrease of polyphosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs),which also confirmed that adsorption precipitation was the main way of phosphorus removal in CWs.The study suggested that Ag NPs and phosphorus could be removed synergistically in the coexistence system.This work has some reference for evaluating the influences of Ag NPs on the phosphorus removal and the interrelation between them in CWs.     

互花米草入侵对长江口湿地土壤碳动态的影响

为了评价互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地土壤碳动态的影响,利用配对的试验设计在长江口崇明东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条入侵种互花米草与土著种的配对样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江口湿地的植物碳库、土壤微生物碳、土壤总碳库和有机碳库,而对占土壤总碳库60%以上的无机碳库无显著影响,意味着互花米草入侵导致的土壤总碳库改变主要是通过增加土壤有机碳库来实现的.高潮滩互花米草和芦苇群落的年均土壤呼吸强度分别为（210.02±4.90）,（157.79±6.39）mg/（m²·h）;低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均土壤CO₂排放速率分别为（157.41±5.27）,（110.90±5.16）mg/（m²·h）,表明互花米草入侵显著增加长江口湿地的土壤呼吸.上述结果意味着互花米草入侵同时增加土壤碳输入和碳输出,但入侵也显著增加了土壤碳库表明入侵增加的土壤碳输入显著高于增加的土壤碳输出.本研究表明互花米草入侵可能会增强了长江河口湿地的土壤碳汇强度和固碳能力.但仍然需要长期系统的监测研究,以便全面定量评估互花米草入侵我国滨海湿地的综合生态影响.     

湿地生态环境需水量研究

分析了湿地生态环境需水量的内涵和临界阈值。探讨了湿地生态环境需水量计算方法和相关指标，对湿地生态需水量和环境需水量各种类型的主要特点，存在特征和关键指标进行了系统剖析，特别对湿地植物需水量，土壤需水量，野生生物栖息地需水量，补水需水量，防止盐水入侵需水量，防止岸线侵蚀及河口生态环境需水量，净化污染物需水量等计算方法和理论模型进行了探讨。     

人工湿地植物在污水处理系统中的作用探讨

人工湿地污水系统由于具有独特的净化机理和功能而越来越多地被用于处理生活污水和工业废水.湿地植物在人工湿地中起着非常重要的作用,不但可以直接摄取和利用污水中的营养物质、吸收富集污水中的重金属等有毒有害物质;而且还能输送氧气到根区,提供根区微生物生长、繁殖和降解过程中对氧的需求.文章通过详细阐述植物对水中营养元素的吸收作用,说明了植物在人工湿地处理污水中的重要性.     

退化湿地生态系统的生态恢复与管理——以美国Hackensack湿地保护区为例

受城市化、工业化和地球温室效应等人类活动与自然因素的影响,美国Hackensack湿地保护区正面临着面积不断减少、景观破碎化、外来物种入侵、河水污染增加、盐碱化程度增加和范围扩大等生态胁迫。稳定湿地面积,重建湿地的复合景观,丰富生物多样性,恢复潮水的正常规律,减少水体污染,控制外来种的入侵与扩张,促进湿地原有植物的定居与扩增及原有植被的恢复是Hackensack湿地恢复的关键,也是恢复工程设计与实施的核心。退化湿地生态恢复的管理则以植被的生长、芦苇的扩散方式及动态、鱼类和蟹类的种群动态、鸟类的种类及其对生境地的利用情况对生态系统功能恢复状况进行生物检验,有效监控退化湿地生态系统的恢复动态,研究其恢复规律,进而采取相应的管理措施,科学调控生态恢复进程。     

不同基质垂直流人工湿地对猪场污水季节性处理效果的研究

研究了3套不同基质垂直流人工湿地小试装置在不同季节处理猪场污水的运行效果.结果表明,垂直流人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果随季节变化差异不明显,对有机物降解情况可用一级降解模型模拟;传统型湿地系统NH4 -N去除率在各季节稳定在52%,而沸石和沸石-煤渣型系统冬季NH4 -N去除效率分别从秋季的89.8%和93.4%下降至冬季的64.2%和73.5%,春、夏季回升至80%左右.冬季湿地系统中生物硝化与反硝化作用的减弱影响了垂直流人工湿地系统TN的去除;3套不同基质系统中,沸石-煤渣型系统各高度层硝化强度均为最高,沸石型和沸石-煤渣型系统的反硝化强度明显高于传统型系统,与实际运行过程TN去除率变化相吻合.采用沸石作为基质有利于系统的反硝化进程和TN的去除.垂直流系统对TP去除率随季节性变化波动不显著,但随着垂直流人工湿地系统的运行,基质层对TP的吸附逐渐饱和,去除效率明显下降.     

The Role of Soil Organic Carbon in Maintaining Surface Elevation in Rapidly Subsiding U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coastal Marshes

Subsidence is a primary factor governing marsh deterioration in Mississippi River deltaic plain coastal marshes. Marsh surface-water level relationships are maintained primarily through soil organic matter accumulation and inorganic sediment input. In this study we examined the role of soil organic matter accumulation in maintaining marsh elevation in a brackish Spartina patens marsh. Measured rates of soil organic accumulation were compared to plant biomass production and soil respiration (carbon dioxide and methane emission) at the study sites. The study demonstrated the importance of plant biomass production to soil organic carbon accumulation in maintaining viable Spartina patens marshes in sediment-deficient coastal environments. The role of Mississippi River freshwater reintroduction in maintaining conditions for organic accretion is discussed.     

人工湿地在污水处理中的应用及其展望

作为污水处理的有效途径，人工湿地具有众多的优点。本文分析了人工湿地的构造及去污机理，总结了人工湿地在污水处理中应用的历史及现状，并对其未来的应用前景做出了展望。