新冠病毒肺炎疫情中常用空气消毒对气载病原体的消杀作用及其生态健康危害研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情中，物理法消毒和化学法消毒是较为常用的消毒方式.常用化学消毒剂包括过氧化物类消毒剂和含氯消毒剂，因其消杀效率高、操作简便等优点而被广泛使用.然而，过量使用消毒剂会导致消毒剂残留，并产生消毒副产物，进而引发生态与健康危害.因此，需要规范使用空气消毒方式，并需深入研究其在多种环境介质中引发的健康与生态安全风险.本文总结了空气传播病原微生物、国内外空气微生物相关标准、常用空气消毒方式及其灭活效果、残留消毒剂和消毒副产物的生态及健康危害，并展望了未来的发展趋势.     

鱼油氯胺消毒过程中溴代和碘代含氮消毒副产物的生成

本研究采用鱼油作为模拟化合物，模拟微污染原水中广泛存在的生物源有机物的脂肪类组成成分，考察氯胺消毒过程中溴代和碘代含氮消毒副产物(nitrogenous disinfection by-products,N-DBPs)的生成情况.结果表明，鱼油经氯胺消毒后，生成的溴代和碘代N-DBPs主要包括一溴乙腈(bromoacetonitrile, BAN)、二溴乙腈(dibromoacetonitrile, DBAN)、一溴硝基甲烷(bromonitromethane,BNM)、一碘乙腈(iodoacetonitrile,IAN).其中，在本研究考察范围内，BAN、DBAN与BNM的生成量会随溴离子和总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)浓度的增加而增加；当溴离子浓度为5 mg·L^-1,TOC为20 mg·L^-1时，BAN、DBAN与BNM的最大生成量分别为71.15、192.36、27.52μg·L^-1. IAN的生成量则随碘离子和TOC浓度的增加而增加；当碘离子浓度为0.5 mg·L^-1     

水库水氯化消毒副产物毒性研究

为了证实水库出水的氯化消毒副产物CHClBr2和CHBr3具有一定的遗传毒性,将水库出水进行浓缩富集研究其对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞DNA的影响。同时分别与水库枯水期和丰水期出水的小鼠彗星实验结果进行了对比,发现氯化消毒副产物CHClBr2和CHBr3的DNA损伤效应同时高于两个水期的出厂水。     

Formation pathways of brominated products from benzophenone-4 chlorination in the presence of bromide ions

The brominated products, formed in chlorination treatment of benzophenone-4 in the presence of bromide ions, were identified, and the formation pathways were proposed.Under disinfection conditions, benzophenone-4 would undertake electrophilic substitution generating mono- or di-halogenated products, which would be oxidized to esters and further hydrolyzed to phenol derivatives. The generated catechol intermediate would be transformed into furan-like heterocyclic product. The product species were p H-dependent,while benzophenone-4 elimination was chlorine dose-dependent. When the chlorination treatment was performed on ambient water spiked with benzophenone-4 and bromide ions, most of brominated byproducts could be detected, and the acute toxicity significantly increased as well.     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

再生水消毒副产物去除技术研究进展

三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷以及N-亚硝基二甲胺是再生水氯/氯胺消毒中主要的消毒副产物,具有较强的毒性和致癌性,严重威胁生态安全及人体健康。目前难以通过改变消毒条件来减少其生成量,而去除其前驱物可有效降低消毒副产物的生成。文章介绍了氧化法、混凝沉淀法、离子交换法以及膜过滤等方法去除消毒副产物前驱物的研究,重点分析了臭氧氧化法去除消毒副产物前驱物的影响因素,对已生成的消毒副产物的去除也进行了简述。     

利用斑马鱼胚胎研究污水处理工艺中DOM与DBPs的关系

以模式生物斑马鱼胚胎为试验材料,通过暴露试验研究了污水处理工艺不同阶段出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)与消毒副产物(DBPs)毒性效应关系,揭示污水处理工艺中DBPs前体物DOM的生成变化规律以及对再生水生态安全性的影响。结果表明,污水处理各阶段DOM和DBPs水样对斑马鱼胚胎均有不同程度的致死效应,改良A2/O工艺段水样暴露的斑马鱼胚胎死亡率较大,DOM暴露的斑马鱼胚胎致死毒性效应低于DBPs,且DBPs对斑马鱼胚胎的半致死毒性效应较大;污水处理过程中增加的腐殖酸类物质主要来自于好氧过程微生物的生化合成;污水处理各阶段水样中腐殖酸类物质含量水平与斑马鱼胚胎的致死毒性效应存在正相关关系,因此污水生物处理会增大水中消毒前体物(DOM)特别是腐殖酸类物质的含量,从而增加了DBPs的产生量和再生水的生物毒性及环境风险。     

臭氧-混凝-聚四氟乙烯中空纤维膜集成工艺研究

研究了臭氧-混凝与聚四氟乙烯中空纤维膜集成工艺对有机物的去除及其膜污染特性。实验以聚铝为混凝剂,膜孔径为0.12μm,膜面积为6 m2。结果表明:O3投加量3.0 mg/L时膜污染下降率达24.4%;同时臭氧可促进工艺对有机物的去除,投加臭氧后消毒副产物前体物和UV254去除率增加了1倍,DOC的去除率由30%升高至44.7%,分子量为800~3 000 Da的大分子有机物转化为300~400 Da的小分子有机物。     

饮用水中三卤甲烷的生成机理与影响因素研究进展

在饮用水消毒过程中,氯会与天然有机物(NOM)等反应生成消毒副产物(DBPs),三卤甲烷(THMs)是一种主要的DBPs,长期低浓度的THMs暴露对人体有一定的健康风险。THMs和其前驱物种类繁多、生成机理复杂且影响因素诸多,如何抑制消毒过程中THMs的形成是饮用水安全领域的研究热点。通过查阅大量文献,从THMs形成机理及影响因素等方面归纳了目前THMs研究现状,总结了甲基酮、腐殖酸、氨基酸、β-二酮等重要前驱物生成THMs的反应途径,探讨了操作条件以及离子对THMs生成的影响,对该领域未来研究方向进行了展望。