Identification of Odor Causing Compounds in a Commercial Dairy Farm

The odorous air emissions from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), such as swine, poultry and dairy farms, are increasingly raising community complaints. Odorous emissions can result in health damages, psychological discomforts and adverse aesthetic effects in the community. However, these emissions are not well characterized up to now due to the lack of legislation, the limitations in sampling and instrumentation techniques, and the complexity of the emissions themselves. This study is aimed at the development of a high volume sampler and sorbent assembly to identify the odor causing compounds from a diary CAFO. The sorbent was custom designed to target the potential compounds that may exist in a dairy farm and was validated in laboratory with a synthetic odor from the swine manure. The actual samples at the diary farm were collected in spring and summer of 2005. The sorbents were solvent extracted and individual odor compounds were identified using GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy). The data obtained indicated that high volume sampling can shorten the sampling time from days to within 4 h. Both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) have been identified from the dairy farm, such as phenol, methylphenol, 4-ethyl phenol, indole, methyl indole, benzyl alcohol, hexanoic acid, valeric acid and iso-valeric acid, together with some nitrogen containing compounds that have not been reported before.     

两种掺气水流的计算模型比较

在污水压力输送管道中，污水中气体的存在会影响液体的流动，以污水管中的气、液相流为研究对象，运用集中空穴模型（气泡离散分布模型）和均匀分布模型两种计算方法，来研究停泵水锤过程的压力和流速的变化趋势，实例计算结果表，在设有止回阀的水锤现象中，利用离散分布模型所得的最高水位要比利用均匀分布模型的计算值高，在不设止回阀的水锤现象中，两者的结构基本保持一致。均匀分布模型假定气体在水中呈均匀分布，因此在计算断面上的气体量变化不如离散分布模型来得剧烈，其水位正峰值比离散分布模型低，负峰值比离散分布模型高。     

国内外水环境管理体制对比分析

水环境管理体制建设是一项复杂的系统工程；即使在发达国家，水环境管理模式也随着认识水平的提高与需求的不断变化，处于逐步完善的过程。本文收集了国际上在水环境管理方面比较有代表性的国家，包括美国、英国、法国、荷兰、加拿大、澳大利亚、前苏联、日本、韩国、以色列与印度等水环境管理体制方面的资料，系统分析了这些国家在国家级、流域级与区域级的水环境管理体制与主要采取的水环境管理模式；并针对我国水环境管理体制的结症所在，提出了我国水环境管理体制改革所需遵循的基本原则。     

城市水污染集中控制的理论方法

文章系统介绍了城市水污染集中控制的基本概念、原理、原则，论述了实施水污染集中控制的限制条件，集中控制的基本方法、形式和措施．     

Siting restrictions and proximity of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations to surface water

Proximity and connections to surface waters may play significant roles in determining impacts of manure spills. As occurred in many U.S. states, Minnesota adopted in 2000 more stringent regulations on Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) including restrictions on siting new facilities near surface waters. The objectives of this study were to determine whether CAFO proximity to surface waters decreased following the siting restrictions and to evaluate implications of siting restrictions. Permit dates, locations, and distances to nearest surface water bodies for 111 west central Minnesota CAFOs were determined based on satellite imagery, historical records, and correspondence with regulatory officials. Average distance between surface waters and facilities permitted after 2000 was greater than for facilities permitted before 2000. The increase in average distance between CAFOs and public surface waters was significant for open water (1790 m, p = 0.03), but not for streams (280 m, p = 0.47). Decreased CAFO proximity to surface waters should benefit water quality, but after 2000 facilities continued to be permitted close to hydraulic connections not covered by the siting restriction. Comprehensive manure spill tracking and long term targeted water quality monitoring are needed to evaluate effectiveness of siting restrictions and other strategies for protecting surface waters from manure spills.     

煤泥水治理技术综述

本文综合评述了目前煤泥水的几种处理措施,比较了它们的优缺点和应用过程中需注意的一些问题,提出应加强对特殊煤泥水治理技术的研究.     

城市水污染集中控制的系统结构及建立

本文系统介绍了城市水污染集中控制的系统结构，提出了城市水污染集中控制的最佳系统构成，论述了该系统的建立方法和程序．     

试论循环水浓缩倍数与节水

本文以该厂循环水实际运行情况，简述了影响循环水浓缩倍数提高的一些因素及对策，实现节约用水。     

两组矿化垃圾处理浓缩液效果对比

采用柱回灌法进行实验,对两组矿化垃圾处理浓缩液效果对比。结果表明：两组矿化垃圾对浓缩液均有一定的处理效果,矿化垃圾填埋年限越长对浓缩液处理效果越好。     

Denitrification of synthetic concentrated nitrate wastes by aerobic granular sludge under anoxic conditions

The aim of the present work was to determine the denitrification potential of aerobic granular sludge for concentrated nitrate wastes. We cultivated mixed microbial granules in a sequencing batch reactor operated at a superficial air velocity of 0.8 cm s⁻¹. The denitrification experiments were performed under anoxic conditions using serum bottles containing synthetic media with 225-2250 mg L⁻¹ NO₃-N. Time required for complete denitrification varied with the initial nitrate concentration and acetate to nitrate-N mass ratio. Complete denitrification of 2250 mg L⁻¹ NO₃-N under anoxic conditions was accomplished in 120 h. Nitrite accumulation was not significant (<5 mg N L⁻¹) at initial NO₃-N concentrations below 677 mg L⁻¹. However, denitrification of higher concentrations of nitrate (?900 mg N L⁻¹) resulted in buildup of nitrite. Nevertheless, nitrite buildups observed in present study were relatively lower compared to that reported in previous studies using flocculent activated sludge. The experimental results suggest that acetate-fed aerobic granular sludge can be quickly adapted to treat high strength nitrate waste and can thus be used as seed biomass for developing high-rate bioreactors for efficient treatment of concentrated nitrate-bearing wastes.