大型底栖动物对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换的影响

基于实验模拟,通过对比分析潮滩无机氮长短期通量交换、循环规律及沉积物中无机氮的剖面特征在有/无底栖动物活动背景下的差异,探讨了双壳类底栖动物河蚬对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换的影响及其机制.研究发现:潮滩无机氮界面交换中,河蚬的钻穴活动能增加向上覆水方向氨氮和硝氮的通量值;河蚬长期栖息对界面的生物扰动和代谢物排放能促进氨氮向上覆水的释放并逐渐加强沉积物氧化层中的硝化活动;界面附近河蚬的扰动和喷灌活动改变了沉积物中无机氮的垂直剖面特征,加速了沉积物中有机质的矿化分解和两相界面间氨氮的离子交换,促进沉积物氮库向滨岸水体的释放输出.     

渤海湾入海溶解无机氮总量控制研究

基于渤海湾近岸海域的实际调查结果,采取生态物理耦合模型,对渤海湾的主要污染物-溶解无机氮(DIN)的基准环境容量和极小剩余海洋环境容量进行了计算。结果表明,渤海湾DIN的极小剩余海洋环境容量在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水质标准下均为负值,渤海湾的DIN已经超标。结合实际的海水功能区水质管理目标,应重点控制非点源的排放,加强上游携带入境污染物的处理,从总量上控制DIN入海污染通量,改善渤海湾水质。     

Heavy metals' content of automotive shredder residues (ASR): evaluation of environmental risk

Every year between 8 and 9 millions of vehicles in the European Union arrive to their end of life. Car wastes can have a very high metal content, falling into hazardous waste class. A preliminary evaluation of these wastes could be made by metals' leaching test runs which is the main objective of the present study. Evaluation of the total metal content was carried out by X-ray fluorescence and the mobility of these metals using two simple standardized extractions such as the TCLP (Toxicity Characterisation Leaching Procedure) of the US EPA and the German leaching test DIN 38414-S4. Additionally, an extraction test with acetone was performed in order to recognise metals bounded to organic matter. The results show that the total metal content of the ASR can overpass the established values for inert residues. Lead and zinc contents are fairly well correlated with grain-size, whilst other metals' contents do not exhibit clear grain-size dependence.     

胶州湾水质自动站周边水质及运行效果分析

据2016年胶州湾水质自动监测的数据结果,分析了水质变化趋势,并统计和评价其水质超标情况。结果表明:2016-04—11水质自动站海域溶解氧质量浓度和pH 的日均值均达到二类海水水质标准,达标率为100%;活性磷酸盐年均值为0.023mg/L,无机氮年均值为0.154mg/L,以硝酸盐为主(64.9%);无机氮和活性磷酸盐超标率均为16.7%,而且集中在降雨量较大的8月、9月,营养盐指标超标基本与海泊河的淡水输入有关;叶绿素a质量浓度与溶解氧、pH 和浊度呈显著正相关,浮游植物光合作用对该海域表层海水的水质参数影响较大;自动站监测和人工监测的营养盐在年际变化上呈现较一致的趋势,说明运用水质自动站监测该海域的营养盐变化趋势较为准确。     

Potential environmental factors influencing mucilage formation in the northern Adriatic Sea

In the northern Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, the mucilage phenomenon is usually related to the aggregation of extracellular organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin under special seasonal and trophic conditions. Environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, nitrogen, phosphorus and N/P ratio as well as polysaccharide and monosaccharide levels in the presence and absence of mucilage were investigated in the northern Adriatic Sea. Variations in temperature and salinity during spring in years characterised by mucilage events have been recognised having an important role in preparing a favourable physical environment where mucilage formation could take place. Since the DIN/TP ratio increased markedly during the spring months (March–April) in 2002, 2003 and 2004, preceding the early summer mucilage outbreaks, it appeared that the DIN/TP ratio may be a more robust predictor than the DIN/DIP ratio, which, although more commonly used, exhibited a discontinuous trend. The contents of total carbohydrates, including monosaccharides and polysaccharides, in seawater also varied according to the presence or absence of mucilage, with an increase of polysaccharide levels during the late spring or early summer in the period of the mucilage appearance. The role of carbohydrates in the macro-aggregate formation was also investigated.     

Spatial analysis for spring bloom and nutrient limitation in Xiangxi bay of three Gorges Reservoir

The spatial and temporal dynamics of physical variables, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll a were investigated in Xiangxi Bay from 23 Feb. to 28 Apr. every six days, including one daily sampling site and one bidaily sampling site. The concentrations of nutrient variables showed ranges of 0.02–3.20 mg/L for dissolved silicate (Si); 0.06–2.40 mg/L for DIN (NH₄N + NO₂N + NO₃N); 0.03–0.56 mg/L for PO₄P and 0.22–193.37 μg/L for chlorophyll a, respectively. The concentration of chlorophyll a and inorganic nutrients were interpolated using GIS techniques. The results indicated that the spring bloom was occurred twice in space during the whole monitoring period (The first one: 26 Feb.–23 Mar.; the second one: 23 Mar.–28 Apr.). The concentration of DIN was always high in the mouth of Xiangxi Bay, and PO₄P was high in the upstream of Xiangxi Bay during the whole bloom period. Si seems no obvious difference in space in the beginning of the spring bloom, but showed high heterogeneity in space and time with the development of spring bloom. By comparing the interpolated maps of chlorophyll a and inorganic variables, obvious consumptions of Si and DIN were found when the bloom status was serious. However, no obvious depletion of PO₄P was found. Spatial regression analysis could explained most variation of Chl-a except at the begin of the first and second bloom. The result indicated that Si was the factor limiting Chl-a in space before achieved the max area of hypertrophic in the first and second bloom period. When Si was obviously exhausted, DIN became the factor limiting the Chl-a in space. Daily and bidaily monitoring of Site A and B, representing for high DIN: PO₄P ratio and low DIN:PO₄P ratio, indicated that the concentration of Si was decreased with times at both site A and B, and the dramatically drop of DIN was found in the end monitoring at site B. Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that Si was the most important factor affect the development of spring bloom both at site A and B in time series.     

纳滤预处理测定景观水体中溶解性有机氮质量浓度及其分布特征

为了提高景观水体中DON测定的精确性,研究了纳滤(NF90、NF270)预处理前后水样中DON测定的变化,探讨了NF90、NF270对DIN的去除效果.结果表明,NF90和NF270预处理对NH4+-N、NO3--N和NO2--N的平均去除率分别为30.7%、55.9%、50.0%、73.1%、42.9%、72.0%,NF270对DIN的去除效果更好.常规方法测定DON的质量浓度范围为0.09～0.46 mg·L-1,采样点2处出现负值(-0.08 mg·L-1),DIN/TDN比率范围为85.3%～105%;NF90预处理测定DON的质量浓度范围为0.03～0.58 mg·L-1,DIN/TDN比率范围为76.1%～90.6%;NF270预处理测定DON的质量浓度范围为0.10～0.59 mg·L-1,DIN/TDN比率范围为47.5%～84.5%.这说明NF预处理能够有效去除水样中DIN,减少DON测定的标准偏差,增加了测定的精度.奥林匹克森林公园水体中DON分布的研究表明,水体DON呈现显著的季节性差异,并且南北园区也存在明显差异.北园11月、3月、5月DON较低,小于0.2 mg·L-1,7月质量浓度较高,南园5月DON较低,11月和3月较高,在0.40～0.65 mg·L-1之间.     

两种沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中可溶性无机氮的影响

在实验室模拟研究沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis L.)对上覆水、间隙水中可溶性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)的浓度、赋存形态及DIN扩散通量的影响.结果表明,金鱼藻和苦草对上覆水中DIN的去除效果均强于间隙水,对各形态DIN的去除差异:NO-2-N>NH+4-N>NO-3-N;金鱼藻对上覆水中DIN的去除效果明显强于苦草,但对间隙水中DIN的去除效果弱于苦草;金鱼藻和苦草减少了NH+4-N和NO-2-N的扩散通量,显著增加了NO-3-N的扩散通量,使NO-3-N取代NH+4-N成为间隙水向上覆水中扩散DIN的主要形态,但对NO-3-N和NH+4-N扩散通量的影响,金鱼藻和苦草之间差异不显著;金鱼藻和苦草增加了上覆水和间隙水中3种形态DIN含量比例的变化幅度,金鱼藻对上覆水中DIN含量比例影响强于苦草,对间隙水中DIN含量比例的影响弱于苦草.总体来讲,金鱼藻对上覆水中DIN形态影响较大,苦草对间隙水中DIN形态影响较大,两者对DIN扩散通量的影响差别不显著.     

Safety analysis of slipping barefoot on marble covered wet areas

This study was conducted in order to determine the suitable surface processing techniques which will increase the safety of pedestrians, reducing the risk of slipping on wet floor coverings on which they walk barefoot. In the scope of the study, slip angle of surface-processed marbles in three different dimensions is determined by using DIN 51097 Standard “The determination of the characteristics that reduce slipping on wet, barefoot surfaces”. Slip angles were calculated with the help of an inclined plane method and by using three different surface processing techniques (polishing, honing and tumbling techniques) for five different types of marble. It was found that the parameters which affected slip angle values of the marbles were surface roughness, plate sizes, grain size of the abrasives used for surface processing, physical and mechanical properties. Statistical analysis was used to determine the relationship between these parameters. The marbles were then grouped according to safe utilization places depending on slip angle and surface roughness, according to the statistical results.     

兴化湾水域DIN、DIP分布及营养状态评价

根据2000年5月、8月、11月三航次福建兴化海湾水监测结果，研究海域DIN、DIP的分布特征和影响因素，并对海水的富营养水平进行评价。结果表明L5月、8月，木兰溪、秋芦溪两河口附近海水达富营养化，11月，海湾的近岸海域基本为富营养化状态。