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1.
Fault detection (FD) and diagnosis in industrial processes is essential to ensure process safety and maintain product quality. Partial least squares (PLS) has been used successfully in process monitoring because it can effectively deal with highly correlated process variables. However, the conventional PLS-based detection metrics, such as the Hotelling's T2 and the Q statistics are ill suited to detect small faults because they only use information from the most recent observations. Other univariate statistical monitoring methods, such as the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control scheme, has shown better abilities to detect small faults. However, EWMA can only be used to monitor single variables. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to combine the advantages of the univariate EWMA and PLS methods to enhance their performances and widen their applicability in practice. The performance of the proposed PLS-based EWMA FD method was compared with that of the conventional PLS FD method through two simulated examples, one using synthetic data and the other using simulated distillation column data. The simulation results clearly show the effectiveness of the proposed method over the conventional PLS, especially in the presence of faults with small magnitudes. 相似文献
2.
Cortes-Maramba N Reyes JP Francisco-Rivera AT Akagi H Sunio R Panganiban LC 《Journal of environmental management》2006,81(2):126-134
The small-scale gold mining activities using mercury began in the late 1980s in Sibutad, Western Mindanao. It is located very near the Murcielagos Bay with tailing ponds directly discharging into bodies of water. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the health and environmental effects of gold mining activities on the community. Residents were randomly selected and classified into two groups, namely, the directly exposed and indirectly exposed populations using a set inclusion criteria. Complete medical and laboratory examinations were performed. Environmental and biologic samples were collected for total mercury and methylmercury determinations. The results showed that the directly exposed group had significantly higher mean blood total mercury and methylmercury levels in comparison with the indirectly exposed population. Although there were no significant differences between hair total mercury and methylmercury levels, there was a trend for higher levels of these biomarkers among the directly exposed residents as compared with the unexposed group. The absence of statistically significant differences may be attributable to the small sample size. Ambient air quality monitoring for mercury exceeded the allowable levels. However, levels of mercury in drinking water and sediments were within allowable limits. Frequency of gastrointestinal complaints was significantly associated with elevated hair methylmercury levels (p=0.02). Also, there appears to be a trend towards higher blood total mercury levels and frequency of gastrointestinal complaints (p=0.09). An interesting finding in this study was the increasing incidence of elevated diastolic blood pressure with elevated hair total mercury levels (p=0.07). Mercury storage at home is a risk factor. 相似文献
3.
赵玉萍 《环境监测管理与技术》2002,14(2):10-11
简述了小型餐饮服务业的特点,指出排污申报登记制度落实难、废水中各污染物排放量核定难及申报登记表设计欠合理是小型餐饮服务业在排污申报登记中存在的主要问题。提出,应加大宣传力度,进一步提高餐饮服务业业主以及广大公民的环保意识;制定较合理的排污量核算系数,修订申报内容;实行《排污申报登记注册证》制度,强化执法力度,以促进小型餐饮服务业全面实施排污申报登记制度。 相似文献
4.
5.
生态农业发展与小城镇建设 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以3家生态村为例说明乡镇企业在生态农业产值中占据主导地位。通过对乡镇企业的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益以及小城镇发展的优越性分析可知,乡镇企业不宜在农村发展,应该在小城镇中发展,农村生态建设要立足农业,通过减少土地的人口承载量,提高劳动生产率和增加农民收入。 相似文献
6.
小型污水处理装置的应用与发展 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
简要论述了小型污水处理装置的作用,对目前市场上该类产品的应用现状进行了分析,并提出其发展方向。 相似文献
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8.
The development and effective introduction of strategies designed to ensure the ecologically and economically sustainable utilization of coastal and marine resources is perhaps the major challenge for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In response, the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA) called upon the SIDS to implement appropriate coastal and marine strategies and, crucially, ensure that such strategies were integrated into sustainable national development plans (NDPs). This article examines the extent to which contemporary NDPs and donor support programmes have incorporated the fisheries sector — arguably the most important coastal/marine resource for many SIDS — into such documents. Applying an assessment methodology, originally developed to identify levels of environmental mainstreaming within World Bank country assistance strategies to NDPs and donor support programmes, we are able to identify those SIDS who have most effectively integrated the fisheries sector into such documents. Comparison with data indicating the importance of the sector to the national economy (in terms of generating foreign exchange, employment generation and/or supporting domestic protein consumption levels) enables us to pinpoint those countries with substantial fisheries sectors, but a correspondingly lower than expected degree of sectoral mainstreaming. We suggest that the January 2005 review of the BPoA offers an opportune moment for such countries to redress these omissions. 相似文献
9.
Small towns are an important part of the rural settlement fabric in the United States, but there is very little substantive research into their capacity to survive or their intrinsic importance. However, recently there has been increasing interest shown by social scientists in these problems. This paper looks at features of this research from the point of view of the population and economic structure of small towns. It concludes by arguing that the problems of small towns are not indigenous to the towns, and calls for a comprehensive national urban policy. 相似文献
10.
Since the end of the 1970s, the southern European countries have shown an exceptional reduction in fertility rate. From the
highest levels among the developed nations, these countries dropped beneath the substitution rate level: in Greece there is
an average of about 1.5 children per woman, and Italy (starting three to four years ago), with 1.3 children per woman, is
now the country with the lowest fecundity rate in the world. Land-use planning in southern European small islands therefore
requires substantial revision. In the areas where western civilization began, which are highly populated and have a long history,
cultural and ethnic aspects of tradition are fundamental to environmental management and to the defense of historical heritage.
They also place a strong value on sustaining tourism, the most relevant economic activity, that allows them to survive and
maintain a high welfare level. For some decades they have had populations with a marked presence of young people and high
emigration rates, but now they are fast becoming dominated by the elderly and must prepare for a period of fast reduction
in youth of the workforce, while the peripheral areas of Asia and Africa are entering a sudden demographic growth phase.
The demographic structure has also been deeply altered both by previous migrations and by random variations, as usually happens
in all small communities. Social services for younger and older people have had to be adapted rapidly, reorganizing high-school
management, hospital and health-care structures, in-house assistance, and so on. There is a need to rethink the job market
and favor the immigration of highly specialized workers, which is a necessity for technical evolution. Sustainable development
is constrained nowadays not only by the scarcity of natural resources, but also by the quality and quantity of human resources.
Proper policies for population and land-use planning are highly correlated factors; they have to be considered with respect
of these new, rapid demographic changes. 相似文献