纳米铁催化分解高氯酸盐废水的反应动力学

通过实验考察了酸性条件下纳米铁催化分解高氯酸盐过程中的影响因素,对其分解的动力学进行了研究,并对纳米铁催化剂结构及微观形貌进行SEM、EDS和XRD表征分析。利用阿仑尼乌斯方程和幂指数方程拟合反应动力学方程,获得了高氯酸盐分解动力学方程Ct=C0exp{-0.03773exp(-201.65/T)[H]0.191t},理论的计算值与实验值吻合较好,误差在15%以内。     

高氯酸钾行业清洁生产评价指标体系初步研究

文章通过对高氯酸钾行业的调查,对从食盐开始的高氯酸钾生产过程进行全面分析,结合清洁生产的内涵和高氯酸钾行业的特点,研究建立高氯酸钾行业清洁生产评价指标体系。高氯酸钾行业清洁生产评价指标体系分为生产工艺设备水平指标、资源能源利用水平指标、污染物产生指标、废物循环利用指标、产品指标和环境管理指标6大类指标。     

类水滑石Mg/Zn/Al焙烧产物对高氯酸盐的吸附

利用类水滑石Mg/Zn/Al的焙烧产物对ClO-4进行吸附性能研究,通过类水滑石表面结构X射线衍射分析并探讨其吸附等温、动力学模型,并研究了焙烧温度、Mg/Zn/Al质量比、溶液pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂投加量等因素对类水滑石Mg/Zn/Al吸附ClO-4的性能影响.结果表明在500℃下焙烧4 h,Mg/Zn/Al质量比为2∶1∶1的类水滑石对ClO-4去除效果较好,吸附容量最大且对溶液pH值有较好的适用范围.经500℃焙烧的类水滑石吸附ClO-4的动力学拟合结果符合二级反应动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir及Freundlich吸附等温模型.     

高氯酸钾项目生产过程中的环境风险及防范措施

根据国家环保总局发布的"高污染、高环境风险"产品名录(2009年),无机盐产品高氯酸钾属于高环境风险的产品,其生产存在较大风险。高氯酸钾项目在生产过程中的环境风险主要来源于强酸、强碱、有毒有害、易燃易爆等原辅材料、产品,运输、贮存和使用过程产生的燃爆、泄漏、贮运风险以及工艺废气治理措施失效等环节。识别项目产生的环境风险主要包括爆炸风险、泄漏风险、危险化学品贮运风险及氯气直排风险,并从生产管理、生产工艺及贮运等方面提出相应的防范措施。     

Nexus between polymer support and metal oxide nanoparticles in hybrid nanosorbent materials (HNMs) for sorption/desorption of target ligands

Metal oxide nanoparticles like hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) or hydrated zirconium oxide (HZrO) are excellent sorbents for environmentally significant ligands like phosphate, arsenic, or fluoride, present at trace concentrations. Since the sorption capacity is surface dependent for HFO and HZrO, nanoscale sizes offer significant enhancement in performance. However, due to their miniscule sizes, low attrition resistance, and poor durability they are unable to be used in typical plug-flow column setups. Meanwhile ion exchange resins, which have no specific affinity toward anionic ligands, are durable and chemically stable. By impregnating metal oxide nanoparticles inside a polymer support, with or without functional groups, a hybrid nanosorbent material (HNM) can be prepared. A HNM is durable, mechanically strong, and chemically stable. The functional groups of the polymeric support will affect the overall removal efficiency of the ligands exerted by the Donnan Membrane Effect. For example, the removal of arsenic by HFO or the removal of fluoride by HZrO is enhanced by using anion exchange resins. The HNM can be precisely tuned to remove one type of contaminant over another type. Also, the physical morphology of the support material, spherical bead versus ion exchange fiber, has a significant effect on kinetics of sorption and desorption. HNMs also possess dual sorption sites and are capable of removing multiple contaminants, namely, arsenate and perchlorate, concurrently.     

Wastewater management for hazardous chemicals ‐ disposal of ammonium perchlorate wastes from propellant production for space vehicles

An attempt to depict the wastewater treatment system for the production of ammonium perchlorate, a component of solid propellant used in space vehicles, has been made. The waste‐water management system uses solar ponds and seawater dilution for the retention and disposal of the undesirable constituents of the wastewater. The details of the wastewater generation and its treatment are highlighted in this paper.     

饮用水中高氯酸盐污染现状与去除技术的综述

高氯酸盐作为强氧化剂，在广泛的应用中造成了严重的环境污染，并会在人体富集，当在人体内含量超过0．0007mg／kg人体体重，相当于饮用水中的浓度为24．5μg／L时，就会对健康造成影响，尤其会破环甲状腺机能。美国、日本等国已开始采取措施加强对高氯酸盐的控制，我国许多水源也受到此污染但尚未引起重视。本文分析了饮用水中高氯酸盐的物理化学性质及毒理特性，对环境的污染状况以及目前常用的去除技术，其中以生物处理和离子交换膜生物反应器较为有效。     

异养协同硫自养ABR系统还原高浓度高氯酸盐

构建新型异养硫自养ABR反应器,以处理含高浓度高氯酸盐（ClO₄^-）废水,并探讨该工艺对不同浓度ClO₄^-的还原性能及硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）的产生规律,同时解析ABR系统内生物量及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特性.结果表明：在HRT=12h,进水ClO₄^-浓度为300mg/L时,去除率可达99.60%,出水SO₄^2-浓度稳定在150mg/L内.进水pH值为7.8~8.0,随着还原ClO₄^-浓度的升高,异养段出水pH值逐渐升高至8.0~8.3,自养段pH值则逐渐降低至6.6~6.9,异养协同硫自养ABR系统可实现酸碱的平衡.此外,提高进水ClO₄^-浓度可促进EPS的分泌,且异养段第一格室微生物分泌的EPS最多,其含量可达到102.46mg/（g·vss）.EPS的分泌可以形成保护层以抵制外界的压力,同时也起到储备碳源和能源的作用.     

Monitoring perchlorate exposure and thyroid hormone status among raccoons inhabiting a perchlorate-contaminated site

Perchlorate is a water soluble anion that is readily accumulated in vegetation. It inhibits uptake of iodide into thyroid gland tissue, thereby reducing production of thyroid hormones. Potential raccoon food items including berries, fish, and vegetation collected at a contaminated site contained quantifiable concentrations of perchlorate as determined by ion chromatography. Therefore, we monitored resident raccoons for exposure to perchlorate by examining plasma perchlorate and thyroid hormone concentrations. Resulting analytical data failed to demonstrate perchlorate exposure among raccoons that likely consumed food items collected along perchlorate-contaminated water bodies. There were no correlations between triiodothyronine or thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, but triiodothyronine concentrations in raccoon plasma were significantly higher in 2000 than in 2001 (p = 0.0081). These data suggest that natural attenuation and remedial efforts initiated in January of 2001 may have reduced perchlorate exposure among raccoons inhabiting this site from 2000 to 2001. Temporal, spatial, and analytical factors limited our ability to quantify exposure among raccoons, however, our data do not indicate that raccoons currently inhabiting this site are at risk for significant exposure to perchlorate and subsequent effects.     

Quantitative assessment in safety reports of the consequences from the detonation of solid explosives

Safety reports are mandatory documents in member states of European Union whenever any threshold limits of amounts of either stored or processed hazardous substances are exceeded. After a short introduction to EU Seveso Directives on major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances and to the transposition and implementation by member states, with a brief comment on last 2012/18/EU Directive (also known as Seveso III directive), the paper focuses on drafting of safety reports for industrial activities involving solid explosives. Specifically, the quantitative assessment of consequences from detonation is tackled respect to the side-on overpressure and the debris production. Both direct and inverse problems are illustrated to determine respectively the overpressure value at a given distance, and the explosive amount that allows respecting the regulations. Their solution is based on either analytic or numerical techniques and being based on recent scientific publications on the matter either evaluates or zeroes nonlinear algebraic equations. The availability of these equations avoids grounding the consequences assessment on diagrams and nomograms that otherwise would lead to interpretation and usage errors besides avoiding the automatic solution of the inverse problem. The paper focuses also on details such as embankment, crater, munitions, rocket propellant, building structure, and wall material that, at different levels, play a role in the assessment of detonation consequences. A discussion on debris formation, the available literature, and the evaluation of the impact probability of fragments on both fixed and moving targets closes the paper.