2003年陕西持续性暴雨成因分析

对2003年发生在陕西的持续性暴雨分析认为: 乌山阻高与副热带高压的配置及稳定少动为这次持续性暴雨提供了有利的背景条件.贝湖低压底部分裂出小槽引导的冷空气与副高西北侧暖湿气流在高原东侧一带反复交绥是暴雨的主要成因.高低空急流耦合使高层辐散区迭加在低层辐合区的上方而产生强烈的上升运动,为深对流的发展提供了条件,促进了暴雨时中尺度系统的生成和维持.     

2003年我国十大极端天气气候事件

2003年我国极端天气气候事件及气象灾害发生较为频繁,特别是淮河流域特大洪水、南方持续的高温热浪及伏秋连旱,造成了严重影响.另外,低温阴雨、秋汛、台风、局地暴雨等也较为突出.本文利用我中心气候业务系统所得资料,对2003年我国极端天气气候事件作一综合评述.     

2003年重大自然灾害回顾

2003年是全球自然灾害重灾年.根据收集到的全球自然灾害记录的数据,客观地对全球主要自然灾害的特征和分布特点进行了分析,并对其成因和发展趋势进行了初步探讨.     

2002年11月-2003年2月国内安全事故数据

统计了2002年11—2003年2月国内发生的各种安全事故1050起，包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、毒物泄露和中毒、火灾及其他事故。统计表明，在这些事故中，矿业事故最多，占59．8％，平均每天5．2起事故，其次是交通事故(23．1％)、爆炸事故(5．6％)、其他事故(5．6％)、毒物泄露和中毒(3．1％)、火灾(2．7％)。1050起事故共死亡2733人，伤2248人，死亡人数的百分比分别为矿业事故43．O％、交通事故37．1％、其他事故7．2％、爆炸事故6．8％、火灾3．9％、泄露中毒1．9％；受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故63．7％、爆炸事故10．5％、矿业事故9．9％、泄露中毒6．9％、其他事故6．6％、火灾2．4％。章最后对2002年我国发生的一些事故进行了讨论。     

Questionable accountability: MSF and Sphere in 2003

This article examines the relationship between Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and the Sphere Project. Prior to revisiting the concerns MSF had with the project, it looks at factors that give rise to differences between NGOs and cites some reasons for why an organisation such as MSF would not embrace such a project and clarifies some key elements of MSF-style humanitarianism. The author revisits the original concerns and arguments presented by MSF when it decided not to participate beyond assisting with the establishment of technical standards and key indicators for the handbook. This is followed by a critical discussion examining these concerns and counter-criticism with reference to experiences a few years after the inception of Sphere. It concludes with MSF's perceptions and stance regarding Sphere and accountability in 2003.     

Modeling of Escherichia coli Fluxes on a Catchment and the Impact on Coastal Water and Shellfish Quality1

Bougeard, Morgane, Jean‐Claude Le Saux, Nicolas Pérenne, Claire Baffaut, Marc Robin, and Monique Pommepuy, 2011. Modeling of Escherichia coli Fluxes on a Catchment and the Impact on Coastal Water and Shellfish Quality. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐17. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00520.x Abstract: The simulation of the impact of Escherichia coli loads from watersheds is of great interest for assessing estuarine water quality, especially in areas with shellfish aquaculture or bathing activities. For this purpose, this study investigates a model association based on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) coupled with a hydrodynamic model (MARS 2D; IFREMER). Application was performed on the catchment and estuary of Daoulas area (France). The daily E. coli fluxes simulated by SWAT are taken as an input in the MARS 2D model to calculate E. coli concentrations in estuarine water and shellfish. Model validation is based on comparison of frequencies: a strong relationship was found between calculated and measured E. coli concentrations for river quality (r² = 0.99) and shellfish quality (r² = 0.89). The important influence of agricultural practices and rainfall events on the rapid and large fluctuations in E. coli fluxes from the watershed (reaching three orders of magnitude in <24 hours) is one main result of the study. Response time in terms of seawater quality degradation ranges from one to two days after any important rainfall event (greater than 10 mm/day) and the time for estuary to recover good water quality also mainly depends on the duration of the rainfall. In the estuary, three effects (rainfall, tidal dilution, and manure spreading) have been identified as important influences.     

2003年我国事故与灾害状况综述

对我国2003年的安全生产事故及自然灾害情况进行了总结和评述.包括火灾(城乡火灾、森林火灾、草原火灾)、沙尘天气、水旱灾害(干旱、暴雨洪涝、夏季高温)、农业自然灾害(干旱、洪涝、风雹、低温冻害)、海洋灾害(风暴潮、赤潮、海浪、海冰、溢油)、地质灾害(地震、泥石流)等.     

2003年中国大陆震害述评

在列出2003年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2003年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性;最后,列出了1990-2003年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较.     

商用车铝合金与钢制轮辋生命周期环境影响评价对比分析

基于生命周期评价(LCA)理论,运用Ga Bi软件建模,采用EDIP 2003评价体系,对某款商用车铝合金轮辋和钢制轮辋的生命周期环境影响进行了评价和对比分析.结果表明:在原材料获取阶段铝合金轮辋对环境的影响要远远大于钢制轮辋;制造阶段两种轮辋对环境的影响相差不大;使用阶段钢制轮辋对环境的影响大于铝合金轮辋;综合所有阶段来看,当车辆总行驶里程低于11.6万km时,铝合金轮辋对环境的影响更大,超过11.6万km后,钢制轮辋对环境的影响更大.     

陕西省2003年夏秋季异常气候特征及成因分析

2003年夏秋季,陕西省降水异常偏多,暴雨洪涝、地质灾害严重;光热条件差;入秋后出现了近十几年来罕见的强秋淋天气;8月下旬至10月上旬,渭河下游先后5次出现洪峰.本文分析和探讨了2003年夏秋季的异常气候特征及其成因.