硝基苯精馏再沸器爆炸事故机理研究

笔者借助实验方法,对硝基苯精馏再沸器爆炸事故机理进行探讨。研究了再沸器中焦化物和焦油这两种主要介质的热爆炸敏感性,认为焦化物的热爆炸敏感性远远超过焦油;通过研究工艺过程,得出爆炸性焦化物是由液面的频繁波动、加热控制错误及可爆物含量升高等原因引起的,过程中可能存在的爆炸触发能量种类主要为氧化热、分解热或者摩擦、撞击能;进一步分析得出了再沸器爆炸事故的机理及爆炸事故的发展过程,认为在触发能作用下,首先是干燥的裸露焦化物被引爆,其产生的爆炸冲击能量可能进一步触发部分焦油,导致二次爆炸;最后根据分析得出的爆炸物形成原因及引爆能出现的条件提出了相应的安全对策措施。

Study on Explosion Mechanism of Reboiler in Nitrobenzene Rectification

In nitrobenzene production process, reboiler explosion accident often occurs in rectification system. The heat sensitivity of two main mediums of the reboiler, nitrobenzene tar and nitrobenzene sediment, was studied by experiment. The conclusion was that the heat sensitivity of nitrobenzene sediment is much higher than nitrobenzene tar. By study of the technological process, the frequent fluctuating of the liquid level, the mistakes in temperature control and the concentration increase of explosive material were considered as three main reasons of forming explosive nitrobenzene sediment. Potential ignition energies of the explosion were mainly oxidation heat, decomposition heat, frictional energy and impact energy. The explosion mechanism and its developing process were deduced farther: the dry nitrobenzene sediment was ignited first by the possible ignition energy, and the explosion energy may cause partial nitrobenzene tar to explode. Finally, according formation of nitrobenzene sediment and ignition energy, some safety countermeasures were provided to prevent the accident.