内蒙古温带草原氮沉降的观测研究

在内蒙古太仆寺旗对温带草原地区的氮沉降进行了为期1 a(2011年11月～2012年10月)的观测.在线分析大气NH3和NO2浓度,用CMAQ模型计算的干沉降速率计算了气体干沉降量;采集降水、降尘和穿透雨样品并测定NH4+和NO3-浓度,分别得到湿沉降、颗粒物干沉降和穿透雨沉降量.观测结果表明该地区的氮沉降量已经高达3.43 g.(m2.a)-1,有可能对草原生态系统产生危害.其中,湿沉降占44%,气体干沉降占38%,颗粒物干沉降占18%.干沉降对氮沉降的贡献大于湿沉降,必需重视干沉降的测定,而穿透雨沉降明显小于总沉降,说明穿透雨法不适合于草原地区.从组分上看,还原态氮(包括NH4+和NH3)对氮沉降的贡献为71%,而氧化态氮(NO3-和NO2)的贡献仅29%,因此在控制氮沉降时,不应只针对NOx排放进行削减,NH3减排同样重要.

Monitoring Nitrogen Deposition on Temperate Grassland in Inner Mongolia

Nitrogen deposition on temperate steppe was monitored from November 2011 to October 2012 in Taipusi County, Inner Mongolia. The dry deposition of gaseous nitrogen compounds was calculated based on online-monitored atmospheric concentrations of NH₃ and NO₂ and dry deposition velocity simulated by CMAQ model. The wet deposition, dry deposition of particle, and throughfall deposition were also estimated by collecting rainfall, dust fall, and throughfall samples and the chemical analysis of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- concentrations. Results showed that the total deposition of nitrogen was up to 3.43 g ·(m² ·a)^-1, which might be harmful to the ecosystem. The wet deposition accounted for about 44% of the total deposition, while dry deposition of gases and particle accounted for 38% and 18%, respectively. Since the deposition contributed more than wet deposition, a great attention should be paid on dry deposition monitoring. However, the very simple method for total deposition monitoring based on throughfall seemed not suitable for grassland because the monitored throughfall deposition was much lower than the total deposition. In addition, reduced nitrogen (NH₄⁺ and NH₃) contributed to 71% of the total deposition, while oxidation nitrogen (NO₃^- and NO₂) was only 29%. Therefore, NH₃ emission reduction should be considered as important as nitrogen oxides (NO_x) for controlling nitrogen deposition.