北京市典型室内外灰尘中重金属的粒径和季节变异特征及人体暴露评估

于2012年采集了4类分别来自于北京市办公室、宾馆、大学生宿舍和道路的灰尘样品,探究Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Ni等6种重金属元素在灰尘中的粒径分布规律.不同重金属在灰尘中的粒径分布规律呈现出不同特征,道路灰尘中重金属元素更易于在细颗粒物上富集.分别于2012年3~8月和2012年3~12月对北京市一座办公楼内的2间办公室进行了每周1次和每2周1次的灰尘样品采集,发现Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Ni等6种重金属元素在灰尘中的含量随季节变化总体保持稳定,但Cr和Pb含量的波动性较其它4种重金属显著.地积累指数法显示,Zn、Cu和Pb在所测灰尘样品中污染程度较高,且Zn在办公室和宾馆灰尘中达到了中度污染水平.人体健康风险评估结果显示,6种重金属在4类灰尘中的非致癌健康风险值都远小于1,即风险可以忽略.

Particle Size Distribution, Seasonal Variation Characteristics and Human Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals in Typical Settled Dust from Beijing

Four types of dust from dormitories, offices, hotels and roads in Beijing were collected and fractionated into 9 fractions, respectively. Totally 36 samples were obtained and analyzed for heavy metals including Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni. Particle size distributions of those heavy metals in these four types of dust were investigated and the influencing mechanisms were discussed. Distribution patterns of the same heavy metal in different types of dust showed various characteristics. Also different metals in the same type of dust represented different distribution patterns. Heavy metals in road dust tended to concentrate in finer particles. Two offices from the same building, located in Beijing, China, were selected to study the seasonality of heavy metals in dust. Dust sampling from Office A was conducted at weekly intervals between March 2012 and August 2012, while dust from Office B was sampled fortnightly from March 2012 to December 2012. Generally, levels of all heavy metals remained stable among different seasons, however, Cr and Pb represented more significant fluctuations than other four heavy metals. Based on the geo-accumulation index method, the pollution of Zn, Cu and Pb was more serious in the investigated samples, and dust from offices and hotels were moderately polluted by Zn. According to the risk assessment results, the carcinogenic health risks of the six heavy metals in the four types of dust were negligible.