美国饮用水水源地保护经验及其对我国的启示

新冠肺炎疫情对公众健康造成了极大威胁。针对疫情可能造成的水污染问题,各地生态环境部门均全力加强城市和农村饮用水水源地水质监测预警工作,突出了当前形势下饮用水水源保护工作的重要性。为实现安全饮用水目标,美国在法制体系、组织结构、饮用水水源地风险评估和保护计划等方面积累了丰富的经验,为我国应对疫情、实现饮用水安全保障提供了诸多启示。美国实践经验表明,饮用水水源地保护应建立从废水排放控制到水源地风险防范的全方位、一体化管理体系;完善"从水源地到水龙头"的监测与应急体系;构建分工明确、权责清晰的制度体系;完善公众参与和信息公开,形成多方共治的良好局面。基于美国水源地保护经验,本文研究提出如下建议:加强全国饮用水水源地风险评估,严防医疗污水和城镇生活污水向水源地排放;加强水源地水质监测和预警,提升监测预警水平并制定备用水源等应急响应计划;强化地方政府对水源地的统一监管职能,明确水源地管理部门和水源地水厂的职责分工,加强组织协调和联防联控;完善公众参与和信息公开,增强公众环保意识和"主人翁"意识。

American experience in drinking water source protection and its implications to China

The Covid-19 has caused great threat to public health.For the water pollution problem caused by the epidemic,the department of ecology and environment has stressed the work to strengthen the early warning and monitoring of water quality in city and rural drinking water sources.America's practice and experience in drinking water protection offers highlights for China to cope with the epidemic and guarantee safe drinking water.American practice shows that comprehensive and integrated drinking water management system from wastewater discharge control to risk prevention should be established;monitoring and emergency system“from water source to tap”should be improved;system with clear division of labor and responsibilities should be established;public participation and information disclosure should be improved to involve various stakeholders.Based on these experiences,the following suggestions are proposed:strengthen the risk assessment on drinking water sources in China and strictly prevent the discharge of medical sewage and urban domestic sewage to water sources;strengthen the water quality monitoring and early warning and formulate emergency response plans;strengthen the supervision functions of local governments,with clear responsibilities among different departments,and strengthen coordination;and improve public participation and information disclosure.