荒漠区公路建设引起环境退化及对策——以新疆为例

公路是促进社会经济发展的重要基础设施,在公路建设促进荒漠环境改善的同时,由于荒漠区生态环境脆弱,公路建设较湿润区易引起环境退化,且生态恢复十分困难。新疆地域辽阔,自然条件复杂,生态系统结构简单且稳定性差,属中国乃至世界上典型的生态环境脆弱区,是中国荒漠面积最大的省区,荒漠环境复杂和类型齐全。荒漠区公路建设的自然环境具有区域生态脆弱,水源短缺,路域土质复杂,环境保护问题多,道路病害较多等特点。公路建设引起的环境退化主要表现在:致使区域植被覆盖度降低,为灾害发生提供有利地貌条件,引起水、土理化性质变差,对路域大气环境造成污染,荒漠区野生动物生存环境变差等6方面。针对荒漠区自然环境特点与公路建设引起的环境退化及成因,提出在公路规划设计、施工、营运3阶段防治公路路域环境退化的17条措施,以保护荒漠区路域环境和保障交通畅通及区域可持续发展。

The Environmental Degradation is Caused by Highway Construction and Prevention and Control Measure in Desertification Area,China

The ecological environment in desertification area is fragile, and usually it is impacted more greatly by highway con- struction than in non - desertifieation area. Xinjiang is a typical deseaitlcatiun area in china and in the world, which has a vast territory, complicated natural conditions, and various types of landforms, and where in most regions the soils are infertile, the vegeta- tion is sparse, the structures of ecosystems are simple and unstable. Highway construction in desertitleation area has such characteristics as fragile regional ecosystem, absent water resource, complex earth conditions, comparatively more environmental protection problems, more road disease, more road maintenance work, and so on. The highway construction has some ill effects on natural en- vironment and thus may cause environmental degradation. The ill effects include ：increasing land use conflicts by occupation of agricultural land, reducing regional vegetation coverage by felling of trees, fragmenting landforms along the highway, intensively inter- feting with wild animals, providing source material for possible debris flow by scrapping clods or hillocks produced in highway constmction in mountainous areas, exacerbating land desertification in plain desert steppe areas, destroying the physical and chemical properties of soils near the highway, impacting negatively on water and air environment in the process of highway construction, pelluting the environment along the highway by road traffic noise and exhaust, and etc. Aiming at the characteristics of ecological envi- ronment in desetification area and the adverse environmental effects of highway construction, in order to protect the environment of desertification areas along the highway and to achieve regional sustainable development, this paper puts forward 15 measures to combat environmental degradation in the 3 stages of highway construction which are highway planning, construction and operation.