潮滩沉积物重金属污染的色度反演方法初探

为了探求快速评估土壤重金属污染的方法,以崇明岛东滩低、中、高潮滩沉积物为研究对象,用色度仪测量其色度参数(明度L*、红度a*、黄度b*),并对照化学分析数据,初步探讨了潮滩沉积物的色度特征与重金属元素(Cu、Cr、 Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe )含量之间的相关关系.同时,运用回归分析分别建立了重金属元素含量与色度参数（明度L*、红度a*、黄度b*）之间的定量关系模型,并对模型进行验证.结果表明,在崇明岛低、中、高潮滩的沉积物中,Cu、Pb、Zn与L*之间负相关,相关系数最高可达rCu=-0.97、 rPb= -0.88、 rZn=-0.98;Cu、Pb、Zn与a*之间正相关;而Cr与a*之间负相关.在河口水体中重金属含量稳定的条件下,色度信息可以定量地反演潮滩沉积物重金属元素的含量,为大范围的潮滩重金属污染研究提供了一项实用有效的辅助手段.     

江苏新洋港潮滩湿地重金属元素Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr分布特征及污染评价

通过对保护区新洋港核心区潮滩表层、柱状沉积物以及不同地貌和植被条件下重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb含量的分析,利用地累积指数法、元素富集指数法、潜在生态危害指数法,对潮滩重金属的污染状况和金属元素富集规律进行了初步研究,并利用不同的指标进行相互验证,分析了生态带植被和沉积物间的重金属地球化学累积.结果表明,1)新洋港的重金属元素Zn、Pb、Cu含量变化走势基本相同,元素归一化后,所有重金属元素的归一化值变化波动范围均比重金属含量值明显收窄,波峰和波谷有后延的趋势,波动趋势基本没变.2)从水平断面的重金属含量分布特点来看,都表现出了从高潮滩向低潮滩递减的趋势,但是递减的速度不同.Cu、Ni、Zn从高潮滩到低潮滩含量递减趋势较明显,Cr、Pb则没有明显的递减趋势.3)新洋港潮间带沉积物中元素Pb、Cr与长江口、黄河口以及中国浅海沉积物和江苏土壤相比呈现不同程度的富集.Pb超出最多,其EF值达到3.774.4)新洋港RI值为23.552,虽然存在一定的重金属富集和污染,但其尚未产生生态危害,整体新洋港核心区重金属环境质量优良.     

Historical trends of heavy metal contamination and their sources in lacustrine sediment from Xijiu Lake, Taihu Lake Catchment, China

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in Xijiu Lake sediment from the Taihu Lake catchment, China, were analyzed. Their contamination state was investigated based on the geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors. Statistical analysis was used to differentiate the anthropogenic versus natural sources of heavy metals (HMs), and the anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantify anthropogenic contribution to HMs. The results indicated that the lake sediment had been heavily contaminated by Cd, enrichment of Zn and Hg was at a relatively high level, while that of Cu and Pb was in the lower-to-moderate level and Cr was in the low enrichment level. Sources of Cr in the sediment were mainly from natural inputs, while other metals, especially Cd, were predominantly derived from anthropogenic sources. In the past century, anthropogenic accumulation fluxes of Pb, Zn and Hg increased by 0.1-47.3 mg/(cm².yr), 2.4-398.1 mg/(cm².yr), and 3.7-110.3 ng/(m².yr), respectively, accounting for most inputs of HMs entering the sediment. The contamination state of HMs varied with industrial development of the catchment, which demonstrated that contamination started in the early 20th century, reached the maximal level between the mid-1970s and mid-1990s, and decreased a little after the implementation of constraints on high contamination industries, although the contamination of some HMs, such as Cd, Zn and Hg, is still at high levels.     

上海白龙港排污口附近潮滩沉积物中重金属总量及其化学形态分析

利用Tessier分级提取法依次提取了上海白龙港排污口附近潮滩沉积物中几种重金属元素的化学形态 ,结果表明 :Cu、Pb、Fe、Zn、Cr在沉积物中均以残渣态为主 ,Mn以碳酸盐结合态为主 ,占到总量的 5 0 %左右 ;秋季碳酸盐结合态重金属向铁锰氧化物结合态发生形态迁移与转化 ,在低潮滩沉积物中 ,碳酸盐结合态重金属发生分解以后 ,一部分向上覆水发生了迁移和扩散 ;Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn重金属元素之间具有良好的相关性 ,Zn、Cr在沉积物中也表现出相似的化学行为。     

Fractionation of heavy metals in shallow marine sediments from Jinzhou Bay, China

This work investigated the distribution and speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn in the shallow sediments of Jinzhou Bay, Northeast China, which has been heavily contaminated by nonferrous smelting activities. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in sediments were found to be 100, 13 and 7 times, respectively, being higher than the national guideline (GB 18668-2002). Sequential extraction test showed that 39%-61% of Cd were exchangeable fractions, indicating that Cd in the sediments posed a high risk to local...     

重污染感潮河道底泥重金属污染评价及释放规律研究

以珠汀流域重污染感潮河道为研究对象,采用地累积指数、变异系数、相关性分析和潜在乍态风险指数对底泥中重金属的污染状况进行了评价,并考察了静态条件和模拟感潮条件下重金属的释放规律.结果表明:河道底泥的重金属污染严重,cu、zn、cr、Cd和Ph的平均含量分别为2083.96、1791.60、117.84、1662.92和3.71 mg·kg-1,均大大超过广州市土壤背景值;各金属的富集程度为Cu>Zn>Cr>Cd>Pb,其中Cu的富集程度已经达到6级,为极强污染;各重金属元素在底泥中的变异系数较小,沿程分布比较平缓,cu与cr、cd与cr之间的相关性良好.以广州市土壤背景值为参比值进行评价,郭村涌底泥中的重金属生态危害顺序为Cd>Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb,总体表现为极强的生态危害程度.与静态释放相比.感潮作用呵明显加速底泥重金属的释放,其平均释放速率提高了0.77～4.20倍,释放量增加了0.32～1.78倍,同时涨退潮过程低水位时段较之高水位时段底泥重金属释放平均速率增加0.48～3.33倍.     

南通市任港河底泥重金属污染的磁学诊断

以江苏省南通市任港河底泥柱样为研究对象,在系统的环境磁学、粒度、重金属及总有机碳含量分析的基础上,探讨了沉积物重金属污染的环境磁学诊断的可行性.结果表明,表层12cm以上样品中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni含量超出江苏省土壤背景值,剔除粒度影响后,重金属含量"上高下低"的特征仍很明显.该底泥柱样沉积物的磁性特征为亚铁磁性矿物所主导,亚铁磁性矿物含量在表层12cm以上沉积物要高于下部沉积物,其含量在沉积物上部的升高受到污染的影响.磁化率(χ)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和非磁滞剩磁磁化率(χARM)与Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni含量有显著的正相关关系(r≥0.74,p<0.01,n=54),可用于定性评价任港河底泥的重金属污染程度.但因受到磁性矿物的来源和成岩作用等因素影响,表层沉积物亚铁磁性矿物与重金属含量升高不尽一致,利用磁性参数定量诊断重金属含量仍需慎重.     

崇明东滩海三棱藨草生长期沉积物有机碳含量变化

对长江口崇明东滩(CM-S)海三棱藤草(Scirpus mariqueter)生长期(4～12月)柱样沉积物有机碳含量及变化分析,发现柱样沉积物有机碳含量与温度、海三棱蔗草地上生物量呈显著负相关(p＜0.05).在陆源沉降、温度和海三棱藤草生长、死亡等因素的共同作用下,崇明东滩沉积物有机碳库随时间推移呈明显的"盈""亏"变化.夏季是潮滩沉积物有机碳库的"碳亏"期,秋季9月起,海三棱蔗草死亡分解使得有机碳在沉积物中累积,沉积物碳库进入"碳盈"期.可见死亡倒伏的海三棱藤草是潮滩盐沼带沉积物有机碳库的主要碳源,海三棱蔗草在生长期中通过光合作用所固定的大气碳素在生长末期输送补偿入沉积物有机碳库中.     

上海南汇淤泥质潮滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃

运用GC/MS对上海南汇淤泥质潮滩夏秋两个季节表层沉积物中的有机污染物多环芳烃作定性和定量分析。结果表明,该区多环芳烃总浓度最高达0.829μg/g;个别组分已超出检测限达3～7倍,它们在秋季潮滩以及夏季中潮滩其浓度值及在PAHs总量中所占的百分比比重较大,已成为PAHs有机污染物高浓度区。     

金华市义乌江沉积物磁性特征与重金属污染

对浙江省金华市义乌江采集的边滩沉积物柱样,进行了系统的环境磁学、粒度、地球化学分析,以探讨环境磁学方法诊断河流沉积物重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,柱样磁性特征由亚铁磁性矿物主导,其垂向变化受到粒度和早期成岩作用的一定影响.柱样中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量及其富集因子除底部外,自下而上呈增加趋势,指示了柱样上部存在人为来源的重金属污染.柱样沉积物磁性特征与重金属含量及其富集因子的垂向变化存在相似性,其中磁化率(χ)、频率磁化率(χfd%)和硬剩磁(HIRM)与Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量具有显著的正相关关系,反映了磁性矿物与重金属具有相同的来源,或者细颗粒磁性矿物对重金属的吸附作用.上述结果表明,磁学方法可用于指示义乌江的重金属污染.但由于义乌江属于开放性的河流环境系统,磁性特征变化受多重因素影响,增加了利用磁学手段定量诊断重金属污染的复杂性.     

海河流域典型清洁水系表层沉积物中重金属总体污染水平研究

选择海河流域典型清洁水系(滦河水系)为研究对象,全面分析表层沉积物中6种重金属的污染特征,并进行重金属的来源解析和生态风险评价.结果表明,整个水系表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为0.31、104.53、34.47、29.03、34.92和86.47 mg·kg-1.除Ni外,其余5种重金属含量均不同程度超过区域背景值.重金属富集系数(EF)结果表明,Cd和Pb在滦河水系山区段部分样点存在明显的人为来源(EF=4.01和1.94),可能是区域农业和林业施肥所致,Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn在整个水系均以自然来源为主(EF=0.88、1.28、0.75和0.88).潜在生态危害指数(Eir)结果显示,6种重金属元素的危害指数大小顺序为:CdPbCuNiCrZn,其中,Cd属强生态危害水平(Eir=98.37),其余5种元素均属轻度生态危害水平,而滦河水系表层沉积物中重金属污染整体仍处于轻度生态危害水平(RI=123.27).     

长江口崇明东滩底栖动物在不同类型沉积物的分布及季节性变化

研究分析崇明东滩沉积物类型对底栖动物种群生长的限制和底栖动物对不同类型沉积物的选择性.结果表明,砂质的低潮滩较适宜双壳类底栖动物的生长,在四季里,栖息在低潮滩的双壳类底栖动物占整个潮滩双壳类数目的比例分别高达73.4、66.4、98.5和96.9%;相反,腹足类底栖动物适宜生长在高潮滩的粘土质粉砂,四个季度中分别有77.5、64.4、69.3和92.4%的腹足动物栖息在高潮滩;甲壳类多栖息在高、中潮滩,但在9月份,由于正是蟹类的生殖季节,低潮滩的甲壳动物却占有了相当的比例,约51.6%.并以食悬浮物底栖动物和食底泥动物的分布丰度对沉积物粒径分别做回归性分析,得到方程分别是y＝39.496x-790.07（r＝0.9223）, y＝-127.27x＋6037.7（r= 0.9489）.     

Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and its human impact in lacustrine sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, were chosen to evaluate their enrichment state and history. The state of heavy metal enrichment was at a low level in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake. The enrichment state of Co, Cr and Ni was also low in the sediment of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, while Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment reached a higher level. Mass accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to heavy metals in the sediment. The anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were lower in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake compared with the other two lakes, where heavy metals, especially Cu, Pb and Zn, were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metal accumulation did not vary greatly in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake, while that in Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake increased since the 1950s and substantially increased since the 1980s, although a decrease occurred since 2000 AD in Xijiu Lake. Heavy metal enrichment was strongly related to human activities in the catchment. The development of urbanization and industrialization was much more rapid in the catchments of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake than of the other two lakes, and thus large amounts of anthropogenically sourced heavy metals were discharged into the lakes, which resulted in a higher contamination risk. However, human activities in the Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake catchments mainly involved agriculture, which contributed a relatively small portion of heavy metals to the lakes.     

大伙房水库表层沉积物重金属污染分析与评价

辽河流域大伙房水库是抚顺、沈阳两市重要的生活饮用水水源地,因其汇水区内的矿山开采活动而面临严重的重金属污染问题.为了解该区域的重金属污染状况,对大伙房水库表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量及空间分布进行了研究,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法及基于多方的沉积物质量基准法对水库重金属污染程度及潜在...     

Heavy metal pollution in tidal zones of Bohai Bay using the dated sediment cores

Three sediment cores were collected in November 2003 from Dagu estuary to Qikou estuary. The main polluted heavy metals in the sediment of tidal zones for the Bohai Bay have been found by analyzing the relationship among the contents of heavy metals, the contents of geochemical elements （Fe, AI and Mn） and the size of grain. The dominating contaminative elements in tidal sediments of Bohai Bay are Pb, Zn and Cd. Their contents are higher than the corresponding upper limit of environmental background values and they have very faint correlation with the corresponding contents of geochemical elements and the size of grain, indicating the anthropogenic enrichment. Especially, the preliminary study on the pollution sources and the history of heavy metals in the Dagu estuary has been done using the dated results. The contamination by Zn and Cd also started in the middle 1950s, while the contamination by Pb appeared in the early 1940s. The pollution by Zn and Cd mainly originate from sewage discharge, while the pollution by Pb has many sources, like atmosphere deposition and industrial discharRe.     

杭州市河道底泥重金属污染评价与环保疏浚深度研究

重金属是河道底泥疏浚要控制的重要污染物,而疏浚深度是生态疏浚工程中需要确定的关键参数.本文以杭州经济技术开发区河道为研究对象,共采集18处底泥柱状样,采用土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准值、变异系数和相关性分析方法对底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的污染状况进行了评价,同时分析重金属总量和有效态含量在垂向上的变化特征,并引入地累积指数法对各深度底泥中的重金属进行累积性评估,利用本文提出的临界累积深度方法来确定合理的环保疏浚深度.结果表明,河道表层底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的平均含量分别为165.16、342.40、55.34、3.61、34.06、36.70 mg·kg-1,Cd、Cu、As、Zn的有效态含量分别为0.007、3.37、0.095、20.76 mg·kg-1,重金属总量均超过了杭嘉湖平原土壤背景值,其中Cd污染最为严重.各重金属元素在底泥中的变异系数为0.29~2.39,空间分布并不均匀.重金属总量和有效态含量随底泥深度的增大整体呈下降趋势,但受不同时期人类活动污染及河道整治影响而呈不规则变化.各重金属元素的富集程度为CdAsZnPbNiCu,其中,Cd污染等级为2~6级,污染程度为中度污染至极强污染.利用临界累积深度方法推算得到研究区域河道底泥环保疏浚深度为0~0.9 m.     

南黄海西部陆架区表层沉积物重金属污染评价

对南黄海西部陆架区486个表层沉积物中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As进行了化学测试分析,并依据海洋沉积物质量标准对沉积物质量进行了评价,结果表明,表层沉积物中的重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn的含量都低于国标规定的一类沉积物的最高标准;Cr、Cu、As的含量在大部分区域也都低于国标规定的一类沉积物的最高标准,仅在局部区域为二类沉积物区。利用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染进行了评价,结果表明:表层沉积物中主要重金属污染因子为As,As在局部站位表现为中等单因子污染,Cr在研究区只有一个站位为中等单因子污染,其它重金属为低单因子污染,重金属总体污染低。另外,研究区各重金属潜在生态危害低,总的潜在生态风险低。     

长江口滩涂湿地重金属的分布格局和研究现状

综述长江口滩涂湿地重金属在各储存库的分布格局,分析重金属含量的变化及其产生原因,评价长江口滩涂湿地目前的环境状况,试图对湿地重金属研究提出科学的建议。     

底栖穴居动物对潮滩N迁移转化的影响

以软体动物河蚬(Corbiculafluminea)为例,运用实验模拟的方法,通过对上覆水、孔隙水和沉积物的对比分析,研究了底栖动物对潮滩N迁移转化的影响。实验结果发现,河蚬主要通过排泄和生物扰动影响N在沉积物-水界面间的迁移转化。在富氧的环境下,底栖动物的活动结果使NO3 N在上覆水中有明显的持续累积效应,NH4 N在较深层孔隙水中积累,而NO2 N易在沉积物中累积。     

沅江入湖段河床沉积物重金属污染源的铅同位素示踪

利用多接收等离子质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）对沅江入湖段河床沉积物重金属含量与铅同位素进行分析,评价了重金属富集程度,并示踪分析重金属污染源.结果表明,上层（0～52 cm）沉积物明显富集Bi、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb等多种重金属,中层（52～172 cm）、下层（172～268 cm）沉积物中Mn、Cd富集明显.垂直方向上,重金属的富集具有自下而上富集程度明显增强、富集的元素种类明显增多的变化特征,暗示近年来人为活动增强引起沉积物污染程度增强.沉积物铅同位素比值变化范围大,其²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb、²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb比值变化范围依次为1.1310～1.2040、2.3321～2.4932,并以相对富放射成因的U铅和Th铅为特征.上层沉积物铅同位素比值变化大,且自下而上升高或降低的变化明显,沉积物铅含量高对应²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb比值低,铅含量低则对应²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb比值高;中层、下层沉...