“水中国宝”寥若晨星──长江段面同步观测仅发现21头白鳍豚

继国家环保局开展以长江全流域的水质同步监测活动之后，去年11月4日至10日，农业部渔业局组织长江中下游6省市的几百名渔政骨干和科技人员，对长江上起宜昌下抵入海口近2000公里江段和有关支流及湖泊的白鳍豚、江豚资源进行了为期7天的同步观测。这一抢救行动结果表明，受监流域共发现日结豚ZI头，其中，湖北江段7头，占观测江段的1／3；武汉至洪湖市螺山201公里江段共发现白鳍豚5头，江豚185头；洪湖新摊到螺山135．5公里江段2处发现白鳍豚共5头，16处发现江豚共158头，由此分析看出，白练豚锐减趋势严重。近年预测不足百头实属过于乐观…     

《长江保护与发展报告2007》警示——长江危险

“长江正面临着水资源、水灾害、水环境、水生态四大水问题的困扰。”2007年4月14日,《长江保护与发展报告2007》(以下简称《报告》)首发。报告称:目前长江总体基本健康,局部不健康,近年来一直处于不断恶化的状态。     

含氮有机污染物在环境介质中的迁移转化及影响因素分析

水环境中含氮有机污染物(Nitrogenous Organic Pollutants,NOPs)的存在,可导致消毒过程中产生致癌性和致突变性的含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs),对饮用水安全构成严重威胁。介绍在饮用水处理过程中可能生成N-DBPs的几类NOPs,分析了它们在水环境中的分布特征、迁移转化规律及影响因素。在综述现有成果基础上,对该领域今后研究方向进行了展望。     

“十一五”期间常州市水环境质量变化关联分析

深入考察水环境质量变化的情况、分析水环境质量变化的规律,需要比较分析水环境质量的变化及与社会经济发展、自然条件的相关性,才能更准确地把握水环境的变化轨迹。对常州市＂十一五＂期间水环境环境质量变化与社会经济发展及水资源量等指标进行比较和相关性分析。结果表明：＂十一五＂期间,常州市通过大力开展主要污染物减排,调整产业结构,加强污水集中处理力度等有效措施,主要污染物排放量明显下降,水环境质量明显改善。     

环境化学课程多种授课模式改革及成效

<正>针对环境科学专业学生学习的情况,对《环境化学》课程进行改革研究,通过多种授课模式改革,提高学生的学习主动性、发现学生创新潜力、提高学生的学习成绩。《环境化学》是研究化学物质在环境中迁移、转化、降解规律,研究化学物质在环境中的作用的学科~([1]),包括大气环境化学、水环境化学、土壤环境化学、生物体内污染物质的运动过程及毒     

淮河流域水环境—社会—经济系统协调发展研究

采用改进的突变级数法,从水污染角度研究社会经济发展对水环境的影响。构建流域水环境—社会—经济系统协调发展评价指标体系,评价淮河流域整体及各省区域系统协调发展水平,采用耦合模型分析水环境与社会、经济系统的相互关系。结果表明:(1)从淮河流域整体地域协调性看,"十二五"期间的协调水平比"十一五"时期上升,而流域南部(安徽省)的协调发展水平提升并不理想,地区协调性水平差异较小,重点提高流域南部经济实力,努力提高流域整体的协调发展水平。(2)从淮河流域内各省系统协调性看,水环境、社会、经济系统发展状况越来越好,整体协调发展水平随时间呈"低水平—较低水平—较高水平—高水平"的发展趋势,表明系统综合协调发展状况在逐步改善。同时,淮河流域整体协调发展水平受经济系统影响,主要是由于经济发展正处于升级阶段。(3)从淮河流域系统相互关系看,水环境和社会系统耦合保持在拮抗阶段,表明社会发展对水环境影响较大,而水环境和经济系统的耦合随时间由高水平逐渐衰退到磨合阶段,表明经济发展对水环境影响更大但作用力逐渐减小,主要是由于经济发展逐渐摆脱了对环境资源的依赖,两者实现强脱钩,经济效益不断提高。     

坏消息

长江中下游江豚数量锐减 12月12日,2012年长江淡水豚考察队抵达上海,至此2012年长江全流域淡水豚考察已经完成薹分之二的行程,此前从武汉至上海江段近1100公里的单程航行中,科考队目视观察组共发现长江江豚177头次,声学观察检测到江豚86头次。     

用水生物评价与研究金沙江攀枝花段水环境污染

本文从生物学角度,应用生物指数(或数量)以及指示生物按枯、平、丰水期对金沙江攀枝花段各断面与年际(83年至86年)污染进行水环境评价。文章着重研究、探讨工业“三废”和生活污水对本口段生物群落结构、生长与繁殖所造成的影响,认为此江段属重金属、有机、霉物混合型中污染和轻污染。还用统计学方法对生物与理化监测结果进行相关分析,得到相关非常显著的四条回归曲线,为环境生物学预评价与污染防治提供了科学依据。     

坏消息

长江中下游江豚数量锐减12月12日,2012年长江淡水豚考察队抵达上海,至此2012年长江全流域淡水豚考察已经完成三分之二的行程,此前从武汉至上海江段近1100公里的单程航行中,科考队目视观察组共发现长江江豚177头次,声学观察检测到江豚86头次。虽然流域中江豚的具体数量还没推算出来,但6年来江豚数量迅速下降已经是显著的事实。长江江豚在地球上生存2500万年,被称作长江生态的"活化石"和"水中大熊猫",仅分布于长江中下游     

“成渝”交界濑溪河污染分析及治理方法研究

沱江位于长江上游，连接成渝双城经济圈，濑溪河是沱江左岸一级支流，濑溪河水环境状况直接影响沱江乃至长江水环境质量。采用污染物来源分析，污染负荷，三段式治理模式等方法，根据泸洲环境监测站例行监测数据，评价濑溪河(泸州段)流域水质在2011～2019年变化情况。结果表明，采用三段式治理模式的方法后，使治理后使濑溪河(泸州段)流域水质带来了突破性的改善，主流濑溪河官渡大桥和鹅项井监测断面水质分别由Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类提升到了Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类，污染较严重的支流九曲河水质也由劣Ⅴ类提升到了Ⅳ类。截止2019年，出河口污染物指标水质情况分别为：BOD₅Ⅰ类水质，DO、I_Mn、TP和NH₃-N均为Ⅲ类水质，仅COD为Ⅳ类水质。另外，主要的污染指标(COD、NH₃-N、TP)均达到了减排的目的。研究结果可为在具备相似污染物和地理条件的河流采用，三段式治理模式的提出丰富了大型流域水环境质量提升的治理方法。     

从长江流域水污染规律看四川省水环境保护战略

用流域系统联系的观点，从长江流域水污染特点规律及其发展趋势出发，分析了四川省水环境保护在长江流域的地位作用，及其面临的挑战，最后简要讨论四川水环境保护应采取的宏观战略。     

河长制背景下流域协同治理问题探讨——基于共容利益理论

河长制是中国水环境治理的重大创新实践,其明确的责任、针对性的治理模式有效实现了水环境质量的大步提升.然而,以行政区划为基础的河长制与流域整体性治理之间依然存在着操作上的缝隙亟待解决.以流域水污染为典型对象,从共容利益的角度,讨论了上、下游河长协同治理的利益博弈结构,明确影响上、下游合作的因素,进而提出河长制背景下促进流...     

安徽省沿江地区生态功能分区研究

在"中部崛起"战略和安徽省"沿江开发"战略的指引下,安徽沿江地区得以快速发展。合理划定区域生态功能区,确保经济发展与环境保护相协调具有重要现实意义。以GIS技术为支撑,从自然生态约束分区评价着手,以安徽沿江41个县市为基本单元,选择山地、水网、湿地、水环境容量等指标进行生态功能差异评价,经聚类归并以及兼顾功能区的完整连片,将安徽沿江地区划分为4个一级生态功能区1、4个二级生态功能区。安徽沿江地区生态功能分区对科学有效地管理安徽沿江生态环境,因地制宜地实施保护和治理策略,保证社会经济可持续发展,合理开发安徽沿江地区提供了研究支撑。     

流域比较视角的钱塘江与黑河流域水资源问题及对策研究——基于水足迹核算分析

产品贸易及水权交易使得水资源问题"跨流域化",不再单纯是流域内部管理问题。本文从流域比较视角出发,在区分蓝、绿、灰三种水足迹的基础上,应用水足迹模型,测算了两流域典型地区的水足迹,进行流域水资源问题对比分析,并分析了经济发展模式对流域水资源可持续性的影响。结果发现,杭州市经济用水中灰色水足迹占总量的90%,而张掖市经济用水中绿色水足迹占总量的60.8%,说明钱塘江流域水资源问题在于质,而黑河流域水资源问题在于量;经济发展模式中的产业结构、水资源开发效率、工业化路径等影响流域水资源可持续利用,同时基于GDP导向的流域间的水资源逆向配置,更加剧了流域水资源矛盾。最后根据流域对比结果提出治理措施,从而形成流域间协作的良性循环。     

新沟河排水对太湖水环境影响研究

太湖西北部尤其是梅梁湖水质较差,新沟河延伸拓浚工程实施后,可通过外排梅梁湖水改变太湖的水动力水质环境.利用Mike21建立太湖二维水动力水质数学模型,研究该工程实施后对太湖水动力水质的影响.研究得到:新沟河工程实施后,可有效改善梅梁湖的水动力条件,梅梁湖换水周期缩短13.3％;同时,梅梁湖CODMn、 TP、TN等主要...     

岷江流域地表水水质的模糊综合评价

岷江是长江上游的一个重要支流，其水质安全对维持成都平原正常的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。采用模糊综合评价的方法，对岷江流域14个地表水监测断面的水质状况进行了综合评价。结果表明：在14个监测断面中，处于清洁和未污染程度的断面占50％，主要位于岷江流域的上游和下游，其水质状况较好；处于重污染的断面占29％，主要位于岷江流域的中游，水质状况较差。因此，需要加强流域综合治理尤其是对岷江中游的治理，以确保岷江流域的水质安全。     

Sources and transformations of nitrogen compounds along the Lower Jordan River

The Lower Jordan River is located in the semiarid area of the Jordan Valley, along the border between Israel and Jordan. The implementation of the water sections of the peace treaty between Israel and Jordan and the countries' commitment to improve the ecological sustainability of the river system require a better understanding of the riverine environment. This paper investigates the sources and transformations of nitrogen compounds in the Lower Jordan River by applying a combination of physical, chemical, isotopic, and mathematical techniques. The source waters of the Lower Jordan River contain sewage, which contributes high ammonium loads to the river. Ammonium concentrations decrease from 20 to 0-5 mg N L(-1) along the first 20 km of the Lower Jordan River, while nitrate concentrations increase from nearly zero to 10-15 mg N L(-1), and delta(15)N (NO(3)) values increase from less than 5 per thousand to 15-20 per thousand. Our data analysis indicates that intensive nitrification occurs along the river, between 5 and 12 km from the Sea of Galilee, while further downstream nitrate concentration increases mostly due to an external subsurface water source that enters the river.     

Mitigating Impact of Devils Lake Flooding on the Sheyenne River Sulfate Concentration

Devils Lake is a terminal lake located in northeast North Dakota. Because of its glacial origin and accumulated salts from evaporation, the lake has a high concentration of sulfate compared to the surrounding water bodies. From 1993 to 2011, Devils Lake water levels rose by ~10 m, which flooded surrounding communities and increased the chance of an overspill to the Sheyenne River. To control the flooding, the State of North Dakota constructed two outlets to pump the lake water to the river. However, the pumped water has raised concerns about of water quality degradation and potential flooding risk of the Sheyenne River. To investigate these perceived impacts, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was developed for the Sheyenne River and it was linked to a coupled SWAT and CE‐QUAL‐W2 model that was developed for Devils Lake in a previous study. While the current outlet schedule has attempted to maintain the total river discharge within the confines of a two‐year flood (36 m³/s), our simulation from 2012 to 2018 revealed that the diversion increased the Sheyenne River sulfate concentration from an average of 125 to >750 mg/L. Furthermore, a conceptual optimization model was developed with a goal of better preserving the water quality of the Sheyenne River while effectively mitigating the flooding of Devils Lake. The optimal solution provides a “win–win” outlet management that maintains the efficiency of the outlets while reducing the Sheyenne River sulfate concentration to ≤600 mg/L.     

资阳城区麻柳河水环境现状评价及整治对策

近年来,随着城市建设、社会生产的快速发展,资阳城区九曲河支流麻柳河已成为城中小溪,承担着各类污水的排放,特别是枯水季节,麻柳河小溪水质严重恶化,导致麻柳河水环境问题日益突出.为保障麻柳河的水环境安全,本文通过水环境状况调查监测、实地水污染现状调查和资料收集,了解和分析了麻柳河水环境质量现状.结果表明：麻柳河5个水质监测断面的pH值均满足Ⅲ类水域标准的要求,氨氮和化学需氧量均不满足Ⅲ类水域标准的要求.同时,在此基础上提出了麻柳河水环境污染整治的对策建议.     

Fish diversity,habitat ecology and their conservation and management issues of a tropical River in Ganga basin,India

In the present communication habitat ecology, species diversity; distribution and different indices of fish biodiversity management were studied in a Central India river (River Betwa, a tributary of River Ganga basin approved under India’s first river linking plan). Correlation between fish species richness with the hydrological attributes showed good relationship and water depth, dissolved oxygen and pH were found the most important variables in shaping fish assemblage. Altogether, sixty-three fish species belonging to 20 families and 45 genera were collected from five sampling stations spread along the upstream, mid stream and lower streams. Cyprinids were the most dominated group represented by 26 species belonging to 15 genera, followed by Bagridae (6 species from 3 genera), and Schilbeidae (4 species from 4 genera). The distribution of fish showed interesting pattern and about 10% species were common to all the sites showing long migration range. Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed considerable variation and ranged from 1.89 to 3.51. Out of 63 species status of 10 species were not known due to data deficit, 29 categorized as lower risk, 14 as vulnerable, 8 as endangered, while the remaining two species were introduced. Our study shows that the River supports considerable diversity of the fishes and is important for conservation and about 34% fish fauna is threatened being either vulnerable or endangered. We assessed that the river supports considerable percentage of food fish (89.47), ornamental fish (49.12%) and sport fish (5.26%). Among the eight major types of fish habitats identified along the entire stretch of river, open river, shallow water and deep pools were habitats contributing maximum diversity. Fish species richness (FSR) were significantly different (P < 0.05) in all the habitats except channel confluence and scour pool. Trophic niche model may be useful for assessing altered as well as less altered fish habitat of the tropical rivers. Since this river will be interlinked in near future, this study would be useful for conservation planning and management and also for future assessment after interlinking. Issues related to various threats to aquatic environment and conservation management strategies have been discussed.