上海市不同微环境室内灰尘中有机磷酸酯污染特征及健康风险评价

作为一类新兴污染物,有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的环境污染状况及其潜在的健康风险受到国内外的广泛关注.本研究以室内灰尘作为研究对象,在上海市高校(教室、研究生办公室和宿舍)、办公楼、公共场所(商场、街边商铺和地铁站)和家庭等8种不同微环境采集样品,利用气质联用仪(GCMS)测定灰尘中10种OPEs(TMPP、 EHDPP、 TPHP、 TPPO、 TBOEP、 TNBP、 TEHP、 TCIPP、TDCIPP和TCEP)的含量,并采用US EPA推荐的健康风险评模型,结合中国人群的暴露参数,整合生活和工作/学习两类暴露场景,综合评价室内灰尘中OPEs对不同职业人群的健康风险.研究表明,上海市室内灰尘中OPEs的总含量范围为127—16828 ng·g^-1,其中研究生办公室和办公楼灰尘中OPEs的总含量比其他微环境高1—2个数量级.绝大多数微环境包括地铁站、商场、街边商铺、宿舍和研究生办公室灰尘中以Cl-OPEs为主,其中TCIPP是主要污染物;在办公楼、家庭和教室中以Alkyl-OPEs为主,其中教室的主要污染物为TNBP和TCIPP,办公楼和家庭的主要污染物为TEHP...     

中国室内和室外灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布和健康风险评价

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一类内分泌干扰物,作为塑料添加剂被大量生产和使用,其环境污染和风险评价已成为当今关注的焦点。对中国各地区88个室内灰尘样品和86个室外灰尘样品进行了调查,发现邻苯二甲酸酯在两类灰尘中广泛存在,10种邻苯二甲酸酯的总浓度分别为9.60~4 130μg·g~(-1)dw和0.102~1 430μg·g~(-1)dw,且室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯含量高于室外灰尘。研究还表明,不同地区的邻苯二甲酸酯含量差异很大,但邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(Di BP)在各地区都是主要组分,三者总量占总PAEs的95%以上。估算了成人和儿童每天通过灰尘摄入DEHP、Dn BP、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的总量分别为5.32×10~(-2)~1.81、2.21×10~(-2)~0.595、1.90×10~(-4)~5.62×10~(-3)μg·kg~(-1)bw·d~(-1)和1.20~8.32、0.704~3.47、4.48×10~(-3)~2.43×10~(-2)μg·kg~(-1)bw·d~(-1);灰尘中DEHP对成人和儿童的致癌风险(R)分别为7.45×10-7~2.53×10-6和1.68×10-5~1.16×10~(-4)。上述研究结果为进一步评价该类物质健康风险提供科学依据和基础资料。     

北京市地表灰尘中Cu的分布及健康风险评价

为了解典型重金属污染物铜(Cu)在城市环境中的污染特征及其可能带来的健康风险,在北京市四环以内的典型功能区采集了30个地表灰尘样品并测定了Cu的浓度。结果表明,地表灰尘样品中Cu的平均浓度为102.53μg·g~(-1),远高于北京市土壤背景值。商业区Cu浓度的均值更达到了169μg·g~(-1)。居住区、街道和商业区单位面积上Cu的负荷较高,对人类的健康威胁较大。健康风险评价结果显示,地表灰尘中Cu引起的非致癌风险对儿童的威胁程度高于成人,手-口摄人的方式是非致癌风险最主要的途径。     

芜湖市区土壤和地表灰尘中As含量分布及健康风险评价

分析了芜湖市区57个土壤和地表灰尘中As含量及其健康风险评价.结果表明,芜湖市区土壤和灰尘中As的含量范围分别为2.25—31.86mg.kg-1和3.53—40.97 mg.kg-1,平均为14.09 mg.kg-1和13.16mg.kg-1,是土壤背景值的1.33倍和1.24倍,不存在明显污染.高新技术开发区土壤和灰尘中As的含量明显高于经济技术开发区和中心城区,说明砷的农业来源明显.土壤和灰尘中As的含量与土灰的理化性质相关性不显著.健康风险评价表明,土壤与灰尘中As的非致癌风险1,对人体基本不会造成危害;As的3种不同途径致癌与非致癌风险中,经手-口摄入途径的风险最大,其次为皮肤接触,呼吸吸入最小,但均在癌症风险阈值范围10-6—10-4内,不会对人体健康造成致癌危害.     

宝鸡市街道灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价

对宝鸡市工业区、交通区和商业区等不同功能区所采集的街尘样品应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法对灰尘重金属进行健康风险评价.结果表明,As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni、Mn、V这10种重金属平均含量均高于陕西土壤背景值,其中Hg、Pb平均含量分别为陕西土壤背景值的37倍和20倍.健康风险评价表明,灰尘中10...     

办公室地面灰尘中PAHs污染的时间变化规律及人体健康风险

为探究室内地面灰尘中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的时间变化规律,于2012年3—7月对北京市一座办公楼内的某办公室进行了每周一次的连续高密度灰尘样品采集。利用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测15种PAHs含量。结果表明,该办公室内灰尘样品中∑PAHs浓度范围为1 180~24 300 ng·g~(-1),平均浓度为8 960 ng·g~(-1)。总体上,检出的PAHs以3环PAHs为主,其中菲占PAHs总量的59%以上,其次是4环和5环PAHs,4环PAHs中占的比重最高,约占4环PAHs总量的34%。该办公室内灰尘中∑PAHs的浓度存在显著的时间变化差异,总体表现为∑PAHs浓度随气温升高而降低的趋势。源解析结果显示,机动车排放源、石油源、木材与煤燃烧是北京市室内灰尘中PAHs的主要来源。健康风险评估结果显示,ILCR皮肤接触ILCR手口摄入,且CR均值大于10-6,说明该采样点的PAHs污染存在"潜在致癌风险"。     

电子废弃物拆解车间灰尘中重金属污染特征及职业人群健康风险评价

以上海市某正规电子废弃物手工拆解车间为研究对象,同时选取某高校研究生办公室和教室进行对照研究,采集室内灰尘样品,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP—OES)法测定了灰尘中铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)和镍(Ni)的含量,采用地累积指数法(Igeo)评价了室内灰尘中重金属的污染程度...     

卧室灰尘中895种半挥发性有机物的存在水平及健康风险

人的一生约有1/3的时间在睡眠中度过,睡眠期间暴露于卧室中的半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)可能对人体健康造成不利影响。灰尘是室内SVOCs重要的汇,关于卧室灰尘中SVOCs的复合污染水平及健康风险尚不明确。因此,本研究采集了19个我国家庭卧室中的沉降灰尘,利用气相色谱质谱仪对895种SVOCs进行高通量筛查,并根据美国环境保护局提出的健康风险评价方法,考虑摄入、吸入和皮肤吸收3种暴露途径,评价了灰尘中SVOCs对幼儿和成人的健康风险。本研究在室内灰尘中共检出了85种SVOCs,包括20种正构烷烃、12种多环芳烃、6种邻苯二甲酸酯、8种有机磷酸酯、7种醇、6种取代苯、9种酚、9种农药、4种酯、2种脂肪酸和2种其他类,总浓度范围为92～1.4×10³μg·g^-1(中值：4.3×10²μg·g^-1)。在85种检出物中,邻苯二甲酸酯被识别为灰尘中最主要的污染物,对总浓度的平均贡献达到了(40.9±11.7)%。健康风险评价结果表明,灰尘中的SVOCs不会对成人造成非致癌风险,但4种SVOCs(苯乙烯化苯酚、邻...     

西南某矿区家庭灰尘中重金属的暴露及其健康风险评价

家庭灰尘是人群居住场所的重要环境介质,人群可通过吸入、摄食及皮肤接触等途径摄入灰尘中的污染物,对健康造成一定的损伤。为探索我国西南某矿区周边村庄室内重金属的污染对人群健康的潜在风险,采用2014年3月对我国西南某矿区周边村庄室内灰尘中重金属污染水平调查的数据,结合美国EPA健康风险评价模型对人群健康风险进行分析。结果表明:人群非致癌风险和致癌风险暴露剂量均表现为儿童>成人男性>成人女性,呈现手-口摄食途径>皮肤接触途径>吸入途径,其中儿童、成人男性和成人女性手-口摄食暴露途径占总暴露剂量的98.16%、55.61%和51.5%;儿童以Pb、Cr的暴露为主,成人以Cr的暴露为主;家庭灰尘中单种重金属元素和多途径叠加的非致癌风险在8.81E-03~1.24E-02之间,均小于1,其中儿童以Pb的非致癌风险为主,经手-口摄食暴露占总风险的40%;致癌风险在4.19E-05~3.35E-04之间;A、B、C村儿童的致癌风险均高于US EPA所推荐的可接受水平10-4,其暴露剂量和健康风险均为成人男性和成人女性的5~6倍,且以Cr通过手-口摄食暴露产生的风险最大,占总风险的93%左右。     

淮南市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

城市地表灰尘中重金属会对人体健康和生态环境产生危害,为研究城市中不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的含量和潜在生态危害水平,以典型煤炭资源型城市淮南市的地表灰尘为研究对象,采集工业区、商业区、交通区、文教区、居住区和公园绿地等6种功能用地共40个点位的地表灰尘。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）和DMA-80直接测汞仪测定Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的含量,分析其在不同功能区地表灰尘中的分布特征、相关性及可能的来源;并应用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属在不同功能区的潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明：1）淮南市地表灰尘中 Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均质量分数分别是202.59、74.63、62.74、110.69、0.57、35.82、12.18、50.95和0.105 mg·kg-1,其中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Hg的平均含量分别是淮南市土壤背景值的3.47、3.17、2.04、1.21、9.50、1.12、2.56倍,是中国土壤背景值的2.73、2.87、2.78、1.81、5.88、1.33、1.62倍。2）9种重金属中,Zn和V的含量在不同功能区分布相对均匀,其他重金属在不同功能区含量均表现出较明显的空间异质性。3）不同功能区中,Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均含量在工业区最高,Cr 和 Cd 的平均含量在交通区最高。4）不同重金属的相关性表明,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni 等5种元素有同一来源,Co 和 V 有同一来源。5）单项潜在生态危害系数大小为 Cd〉Hg〉〉Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Co〉Zn〉Cr〉V。不同功能区9种重金属复合生态危害均处于强生态危害水平（300≤RI〈600）,其中工业区和交通区潜在生态危害水平最高。     

室内灰尘中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存与人体暴露研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)作为典型的持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)中的重要类别,具有半挥发性、生物蓄积性、长期残留性和明显的毒性(包括致癌、致畸、致突变)等特点,因此是环境中的一类重要污染物.PAHs衍...     

Spatial distribution and human health risk assessment of mercury in street dust resulting from various land-use in Ahvaz,Iran

Mercury as a toxic element and its associated health hazard has been an important topic of research for urban pollution for many years. In this paper, the spatial distribution, pollution assessment, and health risk associated with Hg in roadside dust 96 street dust samples, representing differing land-uses, have been investigated. Land-uses included residential areas (RA), industrial areas (IA), public gardens (PG), roadside areas (RS), and suburban areas (SA) in the city of Ahvaz, Iran were investigated. Compared with other cities, the concentration of Hg in Ahvaz was considerably higher with a mean value of 2.53 mg kg^?1, ranging from 0.02 to 8.75 mg kg^?1. Residential areas exhibited higher Hg in street dust than other areas, as demonstrated by spatial mapping illustrating hot spots associated with old urban areas with high residential density, high volume traffic of roadside areas, and industrial districts: including oil-drilling activities, steel smelting-related industries, and small industrial towns around Ahvaz. However, Hg concentrations in street dust near to the public gardens (PG) and suburban areas (SA) were not at elevated levels compared other land-uses investigated in this study. A health risk assessment model of non-carcinogenic effects was evaluated for both children and adults. The HQ values also revealed that the main exposures route for children and adults decreased as follows: vapour > ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The hazard index (HI) in each area is less than the safe level (HI ≤ 1) for children and adults, but higher for children. The HI value decreases as the following order: RS > IA > RA > SA > PG, which indicates potentially serious health hazards for children in the study areas.     

The distribution of phthalate esters in indoor dust of Palermo (Italy)

In this work, phthalic acid esters (PAEs): dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n-octyl phthalate in indoor dust (used as passive sampler) were investigated. The settled dust samples were collected from thirteen indoor environments from Palermo city. A fast and simple method using Soxhlet and GC–MS analysis has been optimized to identify and quantify the phthalates. Total phthalates concentrations in indoor dusts ranged from 269 to 4,831 mg/kg d.w. (d.w. = dry weight). The data show a linear correlation between total PAEs concentration and a single compound content, with the exclusion of the two most volatile components (DMP and DEP) that are present in appreciable amounts only in two samples. These results suggest that most of the PAEs identified in the samples of settled dust originate from the same type of material. This evidence indicates that, in a specific indoor environment, generally is not present only one compound but a mixture having over time comparable percentages of PAEs. Consequently, for routine analyses of a specific indoor environment, only a smaller number of compounds could be determined to value the contamination of that environment. We also note differences in phthalate concentrations between buildings from different construction periods; the total concentration of PAEs was higher in ancient homes compared to those constructed later. This is due to a trend to reduce or remove certain hazardous compounds from building materials and consumer goods. A linear correlation between total PAEs concentration and age of the building was observed (R = 0.71).     

Metal-contaminated potato crops and potential human health risk in Bolivian mining highlands

This study assessed metals in irrigation water, soil and potato crops impacted by mining discharges, as well as potential human health risk in the high desert near the historic mining center of Potosí, Bolivia. Metal concentrations were compared with international concentration limit guidelines. In addition, an ingested average daily dose and minimum risk level were used to determine the hazard quotient from potato consumption for adults and children. Irrigation water maximum concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in mining-impacted sites were elevated 20- to 1100-fold above international concentration limit guidelines. Agricultural soils contained total metal concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn that exceeded concentration limits in agricultural soil guidelines by 22-, 9-, 3- and 12-fold, respectively. Potato tubers in mining-impacted sites had maximum concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn that exceeded concentration limits in commercially sold vegetables by 9-, 10-, 16- and fourfold, respectively. Using conservative assumptions, hazard quotients (HQ) for potatoes alone were elevated for As, Cd and Pb among children (range 1.1–71.8), in nearly all of the mining-impacted areas; and for As and Cd among adults (range 1.2–34.2) in nearly all of the mining-impacted areas. Only one mining-impacted area had a Pb adult HQ for potatoes above 1 for adults. Toxic trace elements in a major regional dietary staple may be a greater concern than previously appreciated. Considering the multitude of other metal exposure routes in this region, it is likely that total HQ values for these metals may be substantially higher than our estimates.     

Occurrence,distribution and risk assessment of abused drugs and their metabolites in a typical urban river in north China

We developed a method for determining 11 abused drugs in water and sediment. METH and EPH were the dominant drugs in water and sediment in Beiyunhe River. Abuse drugs in Beiyunhe River were mainly from hospitals and sewage effluents. Abused drugs in the water would not impair the aquatic ecosystem biologically. This study investigated the presence of 11 abused drugs and their metabolites, including amphetamine, methamphetamine (METH), ketamine, ephedrine (EPH), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methadone, morphine, heroin, codeine, and methcathinone in the surface water and sediment samples of Beiyunhe River, a typical urban river flowing through Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces in North China. An analytical method of determining these abused drugs and their metabolites in water and sediment was developed and validated prior to sample collection in the study area. Results showed that METH and EPH were predominant in water and sediment samples. The total drug concentrations ranged from 26.6 to 183.0 ng/L in water and from 2.6 to 32.4 ng/g dry weight in sediment, and the drugs mainly originated from hospitals and sewage treatment plants. The average field-based sediment water distribution coefficients of abused drugs were calculated between 149.3 and 1214.0 L/kg and corrected by organic carbon. Quotient method was used to assess the risks. The findings revealed that these drugs and their metabolites at determined concentrations in water samples will not impair the aquatic ecosystem biologically, but their potential harmful effect on the function of the ecosystem and human health should not be overlooked.     

Radon in indoor concentrations and indoor concentrations of metal dust particles in museums and other public buildings

The aim of this study was to evaluate the public and occupational exposure to radon and metal-bearing particles in museums and public buildings located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For this study, four buildings were selected: two historic buildings, which currently house an art gallery and an art museum; and two modern buildings, a chapel and a club. Integrated radon concentration measurements were performed using passive radon detectors with solid state nuclear track detector-type Lexan used as nuclear track detector. Air samplers with a cyclone were used to collect the airborne particle samples that were analyzed by the particle-induced X-ray emission technique. The average unattached-radon concentrations in indoor air in the buildings were above 40 Bq/m³, with the exception of Building D as measured in 2009. The average radon concentrations in indoor air in the four buildings in 2009 were below the recommended reference level by World Health Organization (100 Bq/m³); however, in 2011, the average concentrations of radon in Buildings A and C were above this level, though lower than 300 Bq/m³. The average concentrations of unattached radon were lower than 148 Bq/m³ (4pCi/L), the USEPA level recommended to take action to reduce the concentrations of radon in indoor air. The unattached-radon average concentrations were also lower than the value recommended by the European Union for new houses. As the unattached-radon concentrations were below the international level recommended to take action to reduce the radon concentration in air, it was concluded that during the period of sampling, there was low risk to human health due to the inhalation of unattached radon in these four buildings.     

空气清新剂中挥发性有机物的组成及其对室内空气质量的潜在影响

研究调查了广州市各大型超市销售的14个品牌,15种不同香型,共26个盒装空气清新剂中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的成分.通过顶空GC-MS分析获得的结果可以看出各个空气清新剂的成分组成差别较大,即使是相同香型的产品,其中的化合物种类和百分比浓度都不尽相同.定性出94种化合物,包括烯烃18种,醇类15种,醛类14种,酮类4种,醚类5种,酚类1种,酯类25种及其它化合物12种,其中萜类化合物约占总化合物数量的40%.β-月桂烯、罗勒烯、苧烯、苯乙醇、乙酸苄酯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、伞花烃、1-甲基-4-（1-甲基乙烯基）苯、里拉醇等化合物在各种清新剂中出现频率为100%.空气清新剂中萜类化合物与臭氧反应,可生成二次有机气溶胶,对室内空气质量造成影响.     

Contamination levels and human health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in street dust in an industrial city in Northwest China

This study investigated the content, distribution, and contamination levels of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in street dust in Lanzhou, an industrial city in Northwest China. Meanwhile, the risk these metals posed to the urban ecosystem and human health was also evaluated using the potential ecological risk index and human exposure model. Results showed that concentrations of these metals in the dust are higher than the background value of local soil, with Cu having the highest levels. The districts of Anning and Xigu had the most extreme levels of contamination, while Chengguan and Qilihe districts were lightly contaminated, which can be partly attributed to human activities and traffic densities. In comparison with the concentrations of selected metals in other cities, the concentrations of heavy metals in Lanzhou were generally at moderate or low levels. Heavy metal concentration increased with decreasing dust particle size. The pollution indices of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were in the range of 0.289–2.09, 0.332–2.15, 1.38–6.21, 0.358–2.59, and 0.560–1.83 with a mean of 1.37, 1.49, 3.18, 1.48, and 0.897, respectively. The geo-accumulation index (I _geo) suggested that Zn in street dust was of geologic origin, while Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu were significantly impacted by anthropogenic sources. The comprehensive pollution index showed that urban dust poses a high potential ecological risk in Lanzhou. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects due to exposure to urban street dust were assessed for both children and adults. For non-carcinogenic effects, ingestion appeared to be the main route of exposure to dust particles and thus posed a higher health risk to both children and adults for all metals, followed by dermal contact. Hazard index values for all studied metals were lower than the safe level of 1, and Cr exhibited the highest risk value (0.249) for children, suggesting that the overall risk from exposure to multiple metals in dust is low. The carcinogenic risk for Cd and Cr was all below the acceptable level (< 10⁻⁶).

     

高校室内降尘粒度、磁学特征与重金属污染垂向分布特征

以南通某高校为采样点,采集3个校区教学楼不同楼层室内降尘,测试并分析样品的粒度、磁学特征、重金属污染的垂向分布规律,讨论重金属污染影响因素.研究发现,样品的粒度特征在垂向上呈明显波动变化,在人流量大的教学层,粒度特征受教学活动影响;在人流量小的办公层,粒度大小与楼层高度有关,即随楼层增加,粒度逐渐减小,如校区3教学楼1-3、7、9层粒度分别为35.4、29.0、28.8、27.3、23.2μm.室内降尘磁性矿物主要以亚铁磁性矿物和不完整反铁磁性矿物为主,χARM值垂向变化趋势与χlf基本一致,指示单畴颗粒对样品磁化率贡献较大.各校区教学楼不同楼层Cu、Zn、Pb、As元素富集因子(EF)值由10降至接近1,指示随楼层增加重金属元素污染程度从严重污染到无污染;校区3教学楼1—5楼重金属污染程度均相对较高(内梅罗指数平均为20.08),6层及以上样品重金属污染程度较低(内梅罗指数平均为9.01),说明随着楼层的增加,重金属污染总体呈降低趋势.小于20μm粒径颗粒对重金属元素As具有较好吸附作用,大于20μm颗粒对重金属元素吸附作用较弱.饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)与重金属元素As具较好的正相关关系(R2=0.4351),用SIRM可快速指示室内降尘重金属元素As的污染状况.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: sources and health risk assessment

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Urban street dust samples from 49 sampling sites in Xuzhou (China) were collected and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas...