Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: sources and health risk assessment

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Urban street dust samples from 49 sampling sites in Xuzhou (China) were collected and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas...     

Spatial distribution and human health risk assessment of mercury in street dust resulting from various land-use in Ahvaz,Iran

Mercury as a toxic element and its associated health hazard has been an important topic of research for urban pollution for many years. In this paper, the spatial distribution, pollution assessment, and health risk associated with Hg in roadside dust 96 street dust samples, representing differing land-uses, have been investigated. Land-uses included residential areas (RA), industrial areas (IA), public gardens (PG), roadside areas (RS), and suburban areas (SA) in the city of Ahvaz, Iran were investigated. Compared with other cities, the concentration of Hg in Ahvaz was considerably higher with a mean value of 2.53 mg kg^?1, ranging from 0.02 to 8.75 mg kg^?1. Residential areas exhibited higher Hg in street dust than other areas, as demonstrated by spatial mapping illustrating hot spots associated with old urban areas with high residential density, high volume traffic of roadside areas, and industrial districts: including oil-drilling activities, steel smelting-related industries, and small industrial towns around Ahvaz. However, Hg concentrations in street dust near to the public gardens (PG) and suburban areas (SA) were not at elevated levels compared other land-uses investigated in this study. A health risk assessment model of non-carcinogenic effects was evaluated for both children and adults. The HQ values also revealed that the main exposures route for children and adults decreased as follows: vapour > ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The hazard index (HI) in each area is less than the safe level (HI ≤ 1) for children and adults, but higher for children. The HI value decreases as the following order: RS > IA > RA > SA > PG, which indicates potentially serious health hazards for children in the study areas.     

天津城市道路灰尘重金属污染特征

以天津城市道路灰尘重金属为研究对象,按照环线分布将天津市中心城区划分为内环以内、内环-中环、中环以外3个区域,总共设置93个采样点。对表层灰尘进行采样收集,预处理后测定样品的理化性质,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定道路灰尘中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb的含量,进而分析天津市道路灰尘重金属的含量水平,运用ArcGIS软件中的地统计分析方法内插得出其空间分布特征,通过Pearson相关分析和主成分分析判析重金属来源。研究结果表明：道路灰尘颗粒粒径表现为双峰,主峰对应粒径较小,且为非正态分布,大量小粒径颗粒的存在使重金属含量增高;市区和各环区有机质变异系数较大,道路灰尘中有机质的空间分布差异较大,因而人为因素影响广泛;市区道路灰尘中重金属 Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni 和 Pb的平均含量依次为0.99、121.41、100.62、43.35和61.48 mg·kg-1,分别为天津土壤环境背景值的11.00倍、1.44倍、3.49倍、1.30倍和2.93倍;Cd、Cr和Cu的空间分布差异较大,Ni和Pb的空间分布差异较小;Pearson相关分析表明Pb-有机质（P＜0.05）, Cu-Ni（P＜0.01）和Cr-Cu（P＜0.05）之间存在显著正相关关系,主成分分析人为因素的积累贡献率为33.050%,自然因素的积累贡献率为57.315%,因此得出重金属受人为因素影响较大,交通尾气排放和工业污染为天津道路灰尘重金属污染的重要来源,且以多因子复合影响为主。     

Pollution status and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust of Tyumen city,Russia

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - This study investigated levels and sources of pollution and potential health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic...     

Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China

The content levels, distribution characteristics, and health risks associated with 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in urban street dust from an industrial city, Zhuzhou, in central China were investigated. The total REE content (∑REE) ranged from 66.1 to 237.4 mg kg^?1, with an average of 115.9 mg kg^?1, which is lower than that of Chinese background soil and Yangtze river sediment. Average content of the individual REE in street dust decreased in the order Ce > La > Nd > Y > Pr > Sm > Gd > Dy > Er > Yb > Eu > Ho > Tb > Tm > Lu. The chondrite-normalized REE pattern indicated light REE (LREE) enrichment, a relatively steep LREE trend, heavy REE (HREE) depletion, a flat HREE trend, a Eu-negative anomaly and a Ce-positive anomaly. Foremost heavy local soil and to less degree anthropogenic pollution are the main sources of REE present in street dust. Health risk associated with the exposure of REE in street dust was assessed based on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect and lifetime average daily dose. The obtained cancer and non-cancer risk values prompt for no augmented health hazard. However, children had greater health risks than that of adults.     

Geochemistry and health risk assessment of arsenic exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, Northeast China

The aim of this study was to investigate arsenic (As) accumulation in street dust and health risk of population. The investigation concentrated on: a. pollution levels of As in street dust; b. spatial distribution of As in street dust; c. physicochemical properties analysis of street dust; and d. assessment of population health risk due to As exposure to street dust. As concentration in street dust ranged from 3.33 to 185.1?mg?kg^?1, with a mean of 33.10?mg?kg^?1, which was higher than the background value of Liaoning soil. As contamination level of the area closing to Huludao Zinc Plant (HZP) was highest. Spatial variation showed that the pollution center was close to HZP, formed radial distribution pattern and extended to the northeast and southwest of HZP. The pH and organic matter of street dust were both higher than the background values of soil in Liaoning. There was significantly negative correlation between As concentration and the pH. The mass percentages of particles 180?C100,?<100?C75,?<75?C63, and?<63???m were 29.8, 3.7, 21.3, and 4.2?%, respectively. The highest of As concentration was found in the smallest particle size (<63???m). As loadings in the particles of grain size 180?C100 and?<75?C63???m were higher than other particle fractions. Results of the risk assessment indicated that the highest risk was associated with the ingestion of street dust particles. Health risk for different use scenarios to human decreased in the order of HZP?>?Industrial district?>?School?>?Commercial center?>?Residential area. Around HZP, Hazard Index (HI) for children and cancer risk of As by street dust exposure exceeded the acceptable values. It indicated that there was a potential adverse effect on children health by As exposure to the street dust of Huludao.     

Contamination levels and human health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in street dust in an industrial city in Northwest China

This study investigated the content, distribution, and contamination levels of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in street dust in Lanzhou, an industrial city in Northwest China. Meanwhile, the risk these metals posed to the urban ecosystem and human health was also evaluated using the potential ecological risk index and human exposure model. Results showed that concentrations of these metals in the dust are higher than the background value of local soil, with Cu having the highest levels. The districts of Anning and Xigu had the most extreme levels of contamination, while Chengguan and Qilihe districts were lightly contaminated, which can be partly attributed to human activities and traffic densities. In comparison with the concentrations of selected metals in other cities, the concentrations of heavy metals in Lanzhou were generally at moderate or low levels. Heavy metal concentration increased with decreasing dust particle size. The pollution indices of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were in the range of 0.289–2.09, 0.332–2.15, 1.38–6.21, 0.358–2.59, and 0.560–1.83 with a mean of 1.37, 1.49, 3.18, 1.48, and 0.897, respectively. The geo-accumulation index (I _geo) suggested that Zn in street dust was of geologic origin, while Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu were significantly impacted by anthropogenic sources. The comprehensive pollution index showed that urban dust poses a high potential ecological risk in Lanzhou. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects due to exposure to urban street dust were assessed for both children and adults. For non-carcinogenic effects, ingestion appeared to be the main route of exposure to dust particles and thus posed a higher health risk to both children and adults for all metals, followed by dermal contact. Hazard index values for all studied metals were lower than the safe level of 1, and Cr exhibited the highest risk value (0.249) for children, suggesting that the overall risk from exposure to multiple metals in dust is low. The carcinogenic risk for Cd and Cr was all below the acceptable level (< 10⁻⁶).

     

Source apportionment and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in road dust from urban industrial areas of Ahvaz megacity,Iran

This study investigates the occurrence and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (Hg, Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr, Al, Fe, Mn, V and Sb) in 67 road dust samples collected from urban industrial areas in Ahvaz megacity, southwest of Iran. Geochemical methods, multivariate statistics, geostatistics and health risk assessment model were adopted to study the spatial pollution pattern and to identify the priority pollutants, regions of concern and sources of the studied PTEs. Also, receptor positive matrix factorization model was employed to assess pollution sources. Compared to the local background, the median enrichment factor values revealed the following order: Sb > Pb > Hg > Zn > Cu > V > Fe > Mo > Cd > Mn > Cr ≈ Co ≈ Al ≈ Ni. Statistical results show that a significant difference exists between concentrations of Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Sb, V and Hg in different regions (univariate analysis, Kruskal–Wallis test p < 0.05), indicating the existence of highly contaminated spots. Integrated source identification coupled with positive matrix factorization model revealed that traffic-related emissions (43.5%) and steel industries (26.4%) were first two sources of PTEs in road dust, followed by natural sources (22.6%) and pipe and oil processing companies (7.5%). The arithmetic mean of pollution load index (PLI) values for high traffic sector (1.92) is greater than industrial (1.80) and residential areas (1.25). Also, the results show that ecological risk values for Hg and Pb in 41.8 and 9% of total dust samples are higher than 80, indicating their considerable or higher potential ecological risk. The health risk assessment model showed that ingestion of dust particles contributed more than 83% of the overall non-carcinogenic risk. For both residential and industrial scenarios, Hg and Pb had the highest risk values, whereas Mo has the lowest value.     

On thermally forced flows in urban street canyons

During sunny days with periods of low synoptic wind, buoyancy forces can play a critical role on the air flow, and thus on the dispersion of pollutants in the built urban environments. Earlier studies provide evidence that when a surface inside an urban street canyon is at a higher temperature than that of local ambient air, buoyancy forces can modify the mechanically-induced circulation within the canyons (i.e., gaps between buildings). The aspect ratio of the urban canyon is a critical factor in the manifestation of the buoyancy parameter. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed on urban street canyons with six different aspect ratios, focusing on the special case where the leeward wall is at a greater temperature than local ambient air. A non-dimensional measure of the influence of buoyancy is used to predict demarcations between the flow regimes. Simulations are performed under a range of buoyancy conditions, including beyond those of previous studies. Observations from a field experiment and a wind tunnel experiment are used to validate the results.     

小城镇街尘污染特征及控制对策

以重庆市永川区小城镇为例进行调查研究,结果表明,工业园区道路街尘和城乡结合部道路街尘以200μm以上粒径段为主(65%—72%),而商业区和双竹镇街道以200μm以下粒径段为主(60%—72%);有机质和总磷、总氮、锌、铅、镉的最高浓度出现在商业区街尘(分别为103.04 mg.g-1和785.48、1672.04、439.72、133.30、8.44 mg·kg-1),工业园区道路街尘含有最高的铜、镍浓度(分别为241.52和92.30 mg·kg-1).小城镇街道街尘污染评价结果表明,商业区街尘和工业园区道路街尘污染风险较高,其中商业区街尘中的镍处于重度污染等级,工业园区道路街尘中的镉达到极度污染最高等级,同时,小城镇街尘控制对策分析指出,在"源"-"传输过程"-"汇"三个环节分别采取措施控制小城镇街尘污染是可行的.     

Quantitative health risk assessment of inhalation exposure to automobile foundry dust

With a growing awareness of environmental protection, the dust pollution caused by automobile foundry work has become a serious and urgent problem. This study aimed to explore contamination levels and health effects of automobile foundry dust. A total of 276 dust samples from six types of work in an automobile foundry factory were collected and analysed using the filter membrane method. Probabilistic risk assessment model was developed for evaluating the health risk of foundry dust on workers. The health risk and its influencing factors among workers were then assessed by applying the Monte Carlo method to identify the most significant parameters. Health damage assessment was conducted to translate health risk into disability-adjusted life year (DALY). The results revealed that the mean concentration of dust on six types of work ranged from 1.67 to 5.40 mg/m³. The highest health risks to be come from melting, cast shakeout and finishing, followed by pouring, sand preparation, moulding and core-making. The probability of the risk exceeding 10⁻⁶ was approximately 85%, 90%, 90%, 75%, 70% and 45%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated that average time, exposure duration, inhalation rate and dust concentration (C) made great contribution to dust health risk. Workers exposed to cast shakeout and finishing had the largest DALY of 48.64a. These results can further help managers to fully understand the dust risks on various types of work in the automobile foundry factories and provide scientific basis for the management and decision-making related to health damage assessment.

     

沈阳市街道灰尘中重金属的空间分布特征研究

对沈阳市区街道灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量水平进行了研究,并分析了重金属的空间分布特征.结果表明:市区街道灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量范围分别为2.29～15.04 mg·kg-1、46.96～204.29 mg·kg-1、62.76～509.48 mg·kg-1、277.41～422.89 mg·kg-1,平均值为4.35 mg·kg-1、81.33 mg·kg-1、106.26 mg·kg-1、334.47 mg·kg-1,是沈阳市土壤背景值的27.18、3.31、4.80、5.67倍;市区西部重金属污染程度高于东部,东、西部污染程度高于南、北部;街道灰尘中Cd、Pb空间分布差异较大,Zn分布较均匀;除Cd以外,铁西区重金属含量均最高,特别是Pb含量明显高于其他区,这与其工业区性质密不可分;Cd在大东区含量最高,这应与东部的汽车产业特征有密切关系;Cd-Zn,Cu-Pb,Cu-Zn,Pb-Zn之间都有着极显著的相关性;地积累指数法的评价结果表明:Cd处于重污染水平,其余3种重金属处于偏中度污染水平.研究结果以期为沈阳市的城市环境污染防治和城市规划提供重要的科学依据.     

城市不同功能区内叶面尘与地表灰尘的粒径和重金属特征

在城市粉尘污染研究中,叶面尘与地表灰尘被认为是新的切人点.以南京市不同功能区为例,分别收集了各功能区典型绿化树种的叶面尘与同区域的地表灰尘,采用激光粒径分析仪测定了叶面尘与地表灰尘的粒径分布规律,应用ICP-AES对样品重金属含量进行了测定,并以此为基础,对重金属的生态风险进行了评价,最后分析了叶面尘与地表灰尘所含重金属元素之间的相关性.结果表明,叶面尘与地表灰尘中颗粒物粒径集中分布于100 μm以内,两者粒径累积曲线均呈现正态单峰分布,其中商业区和工业区颗粒物粒径较小.不同功能区重金属含量差异显著,污染水平递减顺序为:商业区、工业区、交通枢纽区、街道复层绿化区、科教生活区.潜在生态危害评价表明,叶面尘的生态危害大于地表灰尘,除科教生活区外,叶面尘在其余四个功能区均产生中等生态危害.重金属Pearson相关分析发现,叶面尘与地表灰尘存在相似来源,即主要来自交通排放、工业污染等人为源.粒径与重金属两方面的研究指示出南京市粉尘污染最严重的是商业区与工业区,这为进一步控制城市粉尘污染提供了有力依据.     

Health risks from PAHs and potentially toxic elements in street dust of a coal mining area in India

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (Ba, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Co) were determined in the road dusts of a coal...     

电子废弃物拆解车间灰尘中重金属污染特征及职业人群健康风险评价

以上海市某正规电子废弃物手工拆解车间为研究对象,同时选取某高校研究生办公室和教室进行对照研究,采集室内灰尘样品,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP—OES)法测定了灰尘中铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)和镍(Ni)的含量,采用地累积指数法(Igeo)评价了室内灰尘中重金属的污染程度...     

Organochlorines in urban soils from Central India: probabilistic health hazard and risk implications to human population

This study presents distribution of organochlorines (OCs) including HCH, DDT and PCBs in urban soils, and their environmental and human health risk. Forty-eight soil samples were extracted using ultrasonication, cleaned with modified silica gel chromatography and analyzed by GC-ECD. The observed concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and ∑PCBs in soils ranged between?<?0.01–2.54, 1.30–27.41 and?<?0.01–62.8 µg kg^?1, respectively, which were lower than the recommended soil quality guidelines. Human health risk was estimated following recommended guidelines. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), non-cancer risk or hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for humans due to individual and total OCs were estimated and presented. Estimated LADD were lower than acceptable daily intake and reference dose. Human health risk estimates were lower than safe limit of non-cancer risk (HQ?<?1.0) and the acceptable distribution range of ILCR (10^?6–10^?4). Therefore, this study concluded that present levels of OCs (HCH, DDT and PCBs) in studied soils were low, and subsequently posed low health risk to human population in the study area.     

模拟酸雨对街道灰尘重金属淋溶的累积释放特征与释放模型

以泉州市交通繁忙区街道灰尘为研究对象,采用模拟酸雨动态淋溶实验和改进的BCR四步提取法研究街道灰尘中重金属元素在不同酸度(pH=3.5、4.5、5.6)模拟酸雨淋溶下的溶出规律及形态变化.结果表明,街道灰尘中重金属元素的累积释放量均随模拟酸雨pH的降低而增加,当pH值为3.5和4.5时,Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、V、As和Co的释放过程为快速释放阶段,Cr、Zn和Fe的释放过程分为快速释放和相对平稳释放两个阶段;当pH值为5.6时,除Co、V为快速释放过程外,其余重金属都处于相对慢速的释放过程.动力学方程拟合结果表明,双常数速率方程能更好地描述上述重金属元素的累积释放特征.尘样经模拟酸雨淋溶后,弱酸可溶态中Co、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ni百分含量有所增加,Cr、Fe、Pb百分含量变化不明显;可还原态中Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni百分含量有所增加,Mn、Zn、Co百分含量有所下降;可氧化态中上述各元素的百分含量均有所降低;残渣态中除Ni、Mn百分含量有所下降外,其它元素百分含量变化均不显著.     

Spatial distribution,pollution level,and health risk of Pb in the finer dust of residential areas: a case study of Xi'an,northwest China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The spatial distribution, pollution level, and exposure risk of Pb in the finer dust (particle size?&lt;?63&nbsp;μm) of residential...     

Human bioaccessibility of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in urban soils from the city of Torino, Italy

Several physiologically based extraction procedures have been proposed to estimate the fraction of the potentially toxic element content that would be bioaccessible in the human gastro-intestinal tract following accidental ingestion of soil. Many of these procedures are complex, they have been applied to a very limited range of soils, and most work has focussed on arsenic and lead. In the present study, a simplified, two-stage extraction, simulating the human stomach and intestine, was developed and applied to urban soil samples from ten public-access areas in the City of Torino, Italy. The human oral bioaccessibility of chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc was estimated. Lead and zinc bioaccessibilities were found to be higher in the stomach, but chromium was more bioaccessible in the intestine. Analyte concentrations were higher in roadside soils than in soils from parks. A higher proportion of the soil metal content was found in bioaccessible forms at roadsides than in parks. Comparison of the current findings with results of earlier work involving sequential extraction of the same soils indicated that the sequential procedure gave a relative, but not an absolute, indication of bioaccessibility. Calculations based on the bioaccessible analyte concentrations suggest that ingestion of only 2–3 g of some of the roadside soil samples from Torino could deliver the tolerable daily oral intake of chromium, nickel and lead to a 20-kg child. The developed procedure is useful for preliminary screening of soils and prediction of whether their bioaccessible metal contents are likely to pose a risk to human health.