1961—2014年黄土高原气温和降水变化趋势

利用黄土高原地区52个气象站1961—2014年月气温和月降水资料,采用线性趋势法、累积距平法、Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析等方法,对近54年来黄土高原气候变化和突变现象进行了分析。结果表明:1961—2014年黄土高原年平均气温呈上升趋势,线性趋势为0.31℃?10a~(-1)(P0.01),在1991年前后发生了由低温到高温的突变。四季均温均呈增加趋势,其中冬季增速最大,达0.44℃?10a~(-1)。气温年代际变化呈现明显的变暖趋势,1991年以后变暖加速,其中冬季均温增速最大。年均气温增速较大的地区位于黄土高原北部地区,黄土高原南部地区气温增速较小,变暖速率的空间分布随纬度升高而变大。1961—2014年黄土高原年降水量变化不明显,整体呈波动式下降,线性趋势为-7.51 mm?10a~(-1)(P0.05);其中1961—1970年属于降水偏多的年代,而1991—2000年属于降水偏少的年代。季节降水量呈现不同变化趋势和强度,其中秋季、夏季和春季降水量呈减少趋势,秋季降水减少速率最大,为-3.56 mm?10a~(-1);而冬季呈弱增加趋势,为0.43 mm?10a~(-1)。年降水量减少速率最大的地区位于黄土高原东南部,而黄土高原西北部降水变化不明显。Morlet小波分析结果表明,黄土高原年平均气温存在4 a和7~9 a变化周期,黄土高原年降水量存在5~7 a和12~14 a变化周期。通过以上分析,近54年黄土高原气候总体呈现暖干化趋势。     

廊坊市近50年气温的时空变化特征

采用1964—2013年廊坊市9个气象站的气温观测资料,分析廊坊市日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温的时空变化特征,并利用Morlet小波变化和Mann—Kendall突变检验等方法对廊坊市日平均、日最高、日最低气温进行周期分析和突变检验。结果表明:(1)平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温和高温极值变暖趋势显著,年际增长率分别为0.38℃/10a、0.28℃/10a、0.38℃/10a、0.36℃/10a;(2)平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、高温极值、低温极值和高温日数均具有4~6a的短周期、9a的较长周期和一个年代际的长周期;(3)20世纪80年代中期到90年代中期平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、高温极值、低温极值和高温日数均存在一个显著突变;(4)平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、高温极值、低温极值和高温日数在空间分布上均呈现南高北低趋势。     

黄河流域内蒙古段1951—2012年气温、降水变化及其关系

黄河流域内蒙古段是内蒙古自治区重要的经济发展区,研究其气候因子变化对流域水资源、区域经济社会发展及生态环境保护有重要意义。论文利用研究区及其周边地区52个气象站点1951—2012年气温与降水量资料,采用回归分析、年代均值比较、5 a滑动、气候倾向率和Mann-Kendall检验等方法,对气温与降水变化及其关系进行了分析。结果表明:近62 a来,研究区域平均气温、平均最高和最低气温均呈明显上升趋势(0.283℃/10 a、0.235℃/10 a、0.590℃/10 a),尤以20世纪90年代增温最为明显,冬季增长速率最快,对气温升高贡献最大。3类气温分别在1988、1989、1982年发生了突变,平均气温、平均最高气温突变时间均晚于平均最低气温。多年降水量年际变化较大,总体呈下降趋势(-1.48 mm/10 a),但下降幅度不明显。年降水量与平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温在20世纪80—90年代相关性较好,均呈上升趋势,而其他时期则呈阶段反对称变化。从季节上看,春季降水量与3类气温年值相关性最好;夏季降水量与3类气温的年际变化趋势类似;秋季降水量与3类气温呈阶段反对称性变化;冬季降水量与3类气温在20世纪90年代到21世纪呈反对称变化,其他年代则呈现一致的变化趋势。     

黄河流域内蒙古段1951—2012年气温、降水变化及其关系

黄河流域内蒙古段是内蒙古自治区重要的经济发展区,研究其气候因子变化对流域水资源、区域经济社会发展及生态环境保护有重要意义。论文利用研究区及其周边地区52个气象站点1951—2012年气温与降水量资料,采用回归分析、年代均值比较、5 a滑动、气候倾向率和Mann-Kendall检验等方法,对气温与降水变化及其关系进行了分析。结果表明：近62 a来,研究区域平均气温、平均最高和最低气温均呈明显上升趋势（0.283 ℃/10 a、0.235 ℃/10 a、 0.590 ℃/10 a）,尤以20世纪90年代增温最为明显,冬季增长速率最快,对气温升高贡献最大。3类气温分别在1988、1989、1982年发生了突变,平均气温、平均最高气温突变时间均晚于平均最低气温。多年降水量年际变化较大,总体呈下降趋势（-1.48 mm/10 a）,但下降幅度不明显。年降水量与平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温在20世纪80—90年代相关性较好,均呈上升趋势,而其他时期则呈阶段反对称变化。从季节上看,春季降水量与3类气温年值相关性最好;夏季降水量与3类气温的年际变化趋势类似;秋季降水量与3类气温呈阶段反对称性变化;冬季降水量与3类气温在20世纪90年代到21世纪呈反对称变化,其他年代则呈现一致的变化趋势。     

北疆地区近53年极端气温事件及其影响因素分析

根据北疆地区1960—2012年31个气象站点的逐日最高气温和最低气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、主成分分析和反距离加权等方法对该地区的年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温和14个极端气温指数的时空变化特征进行了研究,并探讨了各极端气温指数与北极涛动指数、北大西洋涛动指数和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动之间的关系。研究表明:(1)近53年来,北疆地区年平均最低气温、年平均最高气温分别以0.49℃·(10a)~(-1)、0.22℃·(10a)~(-1)的年际倾向率呈显著的上升趋势;气温日较差以0.27℃·(10a)~(-1)的年际倾向率呈显著下降趋势。极端暖指数除暖昼日数、夏日日数和极端最高气温均表现为不显著的上升趋势外,其他暖指数均呈显著上升趋势;极端冷指数中除极端最低气温、日最高气温的极小值呈上升趋势外,其他冷指数均呈减小趋势;在空间变化上各极端气温指数均表现为在阿尔泰山东南部地区和伊犁河谷地区变化幅度较大,其他地区变化较小。(2)冷指数(冷夜、日最高气温的极小值、极端最低气温)的增温幅度明显大于部分暖指数(暖夜、日最低气温极大值、极端最高气温),这一变化特征在山麓、山谷等地区表现最为明显,而在这一地区夜指数(暖夜、冷夜)的变暖幅度也明显大于昼指数(暖昼、冷昼)。(3)极端气温指数与大气环流指数相关性分析表明,三种大气环流指数中北极涛动指数对北疆地区极端气温的影响最为明显,其次是北大西洋涛动指数,且这两种大气环流指数对研究区极端气温冷指数的影响较为显著,而厄尔尼诺-南方涛动对研究区极端气温影响较小。     

1961—2010年广西气温变化对全球变暖的响应

利用广西88 个气象站1961—2010 年的年平均气温和年极端最高、最低气温数据,运用GIS 技术、气候倾向率以及Mann-Kendall 突变检验方法对广西近50 a 气温的时空变化特征及突变特征进行分析。结果表明:在全球变暖影响下, 近50 a 广西全区年平均气温和年极端最高、最低气温总体上均呈上升趋势,其中年平均气温和年极端最低气温的气候倾向率均达到了极显著水平;年平均气温和年极端最高气温的突变时间分别为2001 年和2003 年,均比极端最低气温(1984 年) 晚了近20 a 左右;年极端最高和最低气温存在非对称变化。时空分布图表明,区域平均值忽略了研究区域内的差异,尽管近50 a 来广西气温区域平均值的总体变化呈上升趋势,但不同时期各地区间气温变化的趋势和幅度各有差异。     

滇池流域的气候变化特征、预估及其影响

利用1961—2014年滇池流域6个代表站点的降水和气温资料及多模式集成的2016—2100年不同排放情境下气候变化模拟实验的预估结果,分析滇池流域过去54a降水和气温的变化,并预估未来85a该流域的气候变化趋势。分析表明,过去54a滇池流域年降水量总体呈不显著的下降趋势,而年平均气温和年平均最高(低)气温呈显著上升趋势。预估显示,未来85a在不同排放情境下,滇池流域的降水总体呈增加趋势,其中前25a降水量偏少,中后期逐渐转为偏多。不同季节流域降水距平百分率变幅从大到小依次是冬夏春秋;滇池流域年平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈上升趋势,不同季节流域气温增幅依次为春夏秋冬。预估提示未来滇池流域春季气温上升现象尤其明显,需特别关注春季异常偏暖对流域水环境的影响。     

川西甘孜藏族自治州1961—2015年日照时数变化特征分析

甘孜藏族自治州(简称甘孜州)位于青藏高原东南缘,是一个气候敏感区和环境脆弱区.利用多年气象数据探讨该区气候变化趋势对研究区环境保护、灾害防治和发展规划有重要意义.本文基于1961—?2015年甘孜州11个气象站点的日照时数、气温、降水、相对湿度和风速数据,通过一元线性回归、5 a滑动平均、累计距平、Mann-Kendall(M-K)突变检验和样条函数插值分析方法,研究该地区年际、季度的日照时数时空变化特征以及与其他气候因子之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)平均日照时数在年际和季度尺度上呈减少趋势,减少速率分别为25 h·(10a)?1(年际)、6.4 h·(10a)?1(春季)、6.8 h·(10a)?1(夏季)、6.9 h·(10a)?1(秋季)、6.3 h·(10a)?1(冬季).(2)空间分布上,德格的西部地区日照时数减少最快,而乡城县等极少数地区出现日照时数增加的趋势.(3)年际日照时数在1989年发生突变,在季节尺度上春季、夏季、冬季发生突变的年份分别为1989年、1991年和1994年,秋季突变不明显.(4)日照时数与气温、降水量、相对湿度均呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为??0.2、??0.6、??0.5;日照时数与风速呈显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.6.本研究可为甘孜州地区1961—?2015年的气候变化提供数据支持.     

近57年厄尔尼诺-南方涛动事件对哈尔滨地区气候的影响

选取哈尔滨地区空间位置构成三角区域的哈尔滨站、尚志站、通河站三个台站日气象数据:利用统计分析方法研究了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)事件对1955—2011年的平均气温、降水量的影响。结果表明:近57年来哈尔滨地区气温以0.32℃?(10a)~(-1)的速率升高,超过全国平均升温值0.26℃?(10a)~(-1);降水量以~(-1)4.21 mm?(10a)~(-1)的速率减少,比全国平均水平减少的更快。小波分析表明:哈尔滨气温变化在30 a的时间尺度上存在4 a和7 a的周期;降水量变化存在24 a的主周期。ENSO暖事件年哈尔滨气温略有升高,降水量略有减少;ENSO冷事件年的气温、降水变化与华北、西北地区不同,气温明显升高,降水明显减少,ENSO冷事件对哈尔滨地区气候影响较大。哈尔滨地区在ENSO冷事件年发生旱灾的可能性更大。本文研究可为哈尔滨地区减少旱涝灾害损失提供指导。     

黄土高原冬小麦田土壤水分与小麦产量对降水和气温变化响应的模拟研究

明确黄土高原地区降水和气温变化对冬小麦田土壤水分和产量的影响,对探索适应气候变化的冬小麦田间管理措施具有重要的现实意义。论文在验证EPIC模型对冬小麦田土壤水分模拟精度的基础上,以历史气象数据为基础,设置TR1、TR2和TR3三个气候情景,采用作物模型模拟的方法,研究黄土高原冬小麦田土壤水分和冬小麦产量对降水和气温变化的响应。结果显示：1）1961—2010年黄土高原降水呈降低趋势,其年际间变化幅度和频率均有所增加。与1961—1970年相比,洛川、长武、运城和延安的年均降水量在2001—2010年间分别降低了18.1%、13.6%、18.8%和24.9%,其变差系数分别增加了0.029、0.087、0.02和0.057。1961—2010年黄土高原气温呈波动性增加趋势,其中日最低气温增加幅度大于日最高气温增加幅度。与1961—1970年相比,日最高气温在2001—2010年间增加了0.30~0.84 ℃,而日最低气温增加了1.00~1.55 ℃。2）EPIC模型能够较好地模拟黄土高原冬小麦田土壤水分动态变化规律,0~2.0 m土层土壤湿度观测值与模拟值间的相对均方根误差RRMSE值为6.0%~14.0%,R²和模型效率ME值分别为0.824和0.815。3）黄土高原地区降水的减少和最高气温的增加均不利于冬小麦生产,而最低气温的提高对冬小麦生产较为有利。洛川、长武、运城和延安冬小麦产量因年降水量的降低而分别减产了8.5%、7.6%、11.7%和12.3%;因日最高气温的升高分别减产了6.4%、6.8%、7.2%和-3.0%;因日最低气温的提高而分别增加了8.8%、10.2%、1.5%和12.0%。因此,为适应降水减少和日最低气温升高的趋势,黄土高原冬小麦生产区应适当调整冬小麦播期,研究并推广保水节水技术措施,充分利用气候变化对冬小麦生产的有利因素,克服不利因素,确保冬小麦的可持续生产。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.