VOCs治理技术及合成橡胶装置尾气VOCs治理项目进展

综述了VOCs的来源以及我国VOCs治理的相关政策法规。介绍了冷凝、吸收、吸附-脱附、膜分离、生物法、等离子体法、光催化法、热氧化法等主要的VOCs治理技术各自的特点。概述了中国石化合成橡胶装置尾气VOCs治理项目建设情况。中国石化在“十三五”期间累计投入6亿元,实施合成橡胶装置尾气治理项目14个,到“十三五”末,所有合成橡胶装置的尾气均能实现达标排放。     

石油化工建设项目环境保护管理的新形势和新要求

解读《建设项目环境保护管理条例》修订的要点,剖析当前石油化工建设项目环境保护管理体系的核心由“环评制度”逐步向“排污许可证制度”转变的现实情况,及与此相应的环保行政主管部门对建设单位和设计咨询单位的环保工作提出的新要求。从实际工作出发,总结了中国石化系统和民营企业石油化工建设项目在新形势下环保管理工作的特点、遇到的问题及解决方案。     

“二级厌氧-微氧-好氧”组合工艺处理模拟碳纤维生产废水

对模拟碳纤维生产废水进行“厌氧-好氧”静态小试,根据COD的去除效果确定该碳纤维废水的可生化性。采用“二级厌氧-微氧-好氧”组合工艺进行动态中试,考察废水的处理效果及系统的抗冲击性能。试验结果表明：该工艺对碳纤维生产废水的处理效果较好;系统具有厌氧池出水pH增大的特点,且抗冲击能力较强;在厌氧池水温为28~38 ℃、好氧池水温不低于15 ℃、废水流量为100 L/h、进水COD为660 mg/L、进水ρ（氨氮）为4.9 mg/L的条件下,出水COD稳定在50 mg/L以下,ρ（氨氮）稳定在5 mg/L以下,能够满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求。     

煤化工企业高盐废水的“零排放”技术

采用“混凝沉淀-微滤-组合反渗透”工艺对某煤化工企业的高盐废水进行浓缩处理,浓水通过蒸发结晶进行脱水,产水采用常规反渗透进行水回收。运行结果表明,经30 d运行,水回收率保持在85%以上,脱盐率稳定在95%以上,常规反渗透产水水质稳定,产水电导率、浊度、Cl^-质量浓度和COD的平均值分别为12.5 μs/cm,0.1 NTU,7.8 mg/L,1.8 mg/L,满足《炼化企业节水减排考核指标与回用水质控制指标》（Q/SH0104-2007）中污水回用于循环冷却水的水质指标和设计产水水质要求,实现了废水的近“零排放”。     

固定床三维电极反应器深度处理炼油废水

以不锈钢板为阴阳主电极,以柱状活性炭为感应粒子电极,构建固定床三维电极反应器, 并用其深度处理炼油废水。考察了施加电压、水力停留时间、废水pH和曝气量对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,在施加电压10 V、水力停留时间60 min、废水pH=7.0、曝气量120 L/h的优化工艺条件下,处理后出水的COD=27.1 mg/L,满足“超滤—反渗透”单元对进水COD的要求（COD<30.0 mg/L）。     

膜法处理精对苯二甲酸精制废水

采用“沉淀—超滤—反渗透—电去离子”工艺处理精对苯二甲酸精制废水,产水作为生产工艺用水回用于生产系统,考察了各工艺单元的操作条件。实验结果表明,在沉淀时间为4 h、超滤膜截留分子量为1 000且采用错流过滤模式、反渗透运行压力为1.8~2.2 MPa且温度控制在25~30 ℃、电去离子单元出水电阻率为5 MΩ·cm的操作条件下,最终出水水质优于GB/T 50109—2014《工业用水软化除盐设计规范》中的二级除盐水指标,可回用为生产工艺用水。     

高效反渗透工艺处理电厂废水

采用“机械加速澄清—重力式过滤—离子交换—除碳—高效反渗透” 工艺处理某电厂废水,将反渗透产水作为冷却塔补水。运行结果表明：弱酸阳离子交换器出水碱度≤0.10 mmol/L、硬度≤0.02 mmol/L、浊度≤0.2 NTU,满足高效反渗透对进水水质的要求;高效反渗透产水浊度<0.1 NTU,COD_Mn≤0.08 mg/L,硬度≤1.12 mg/L,碱度≤8.40 mg/L,ρ（总铁）<10 μg/L,ρ（总硅）<0.5 mg/L,电导率<45 μS/cm,出水水质满足回用要求。针对该系统存在的自用水率高、过滤器污堵以及水量不平衡等问题提出了相应的建议。     

二级膜分离—冷凝—吸附工艺处理石化罐区废气

采用二级膜分离—冷凝—变压吸附工艺回收处理含有高浓度挥发性有机物和苯系物的炼厂罐区外排“呼吸气”。结果表明,进气的非甲烷总烃质量浓度范围41 000~182 000 mg/m³,进气中苯、甲苯和二甲苯的质量浓度分别为400~1 400 mg/m³,150~1 600 mg/m³,300~2 100 mg/m³时,尾气中非甲烷总烃质量浓度始终低于80 mg/m³,去除率均高于99.9%,苯、甲苯和二甲苯的去除率分别为99.6%、99.6%和99.8%。抗冲击负荷实验将进气量提高50%,尾气中非甲烷总烃质量浓度仍低于80 mg/m³。二级膜单元可以高效浓缩轻烃,既回收获得可燃气,又解决了轻烃积累所造成的尾气超标难题。     

基于“情景-应对”模式的危险化学品泄漏应急决策系统的构建

危险化学品泄漏事故严重威胁到社会和环境安全。危化品泄漏事故发生后,快速找到泄漏源并及时采取应对措施是面临的主要任务。构建了基于一般风场的危化品泄漏事故情景库,利用Coyote实验验证了情景库在危化品泄漏事故中反演溯源的效果,据此建立了基于“情景-应对”模式的危险化学品泄漏应急决策系统,并应用于氯气泄漏事故的应急救援中。该方法具有使用方便、决策速度快、救援效率高等特点,对危化品泄漏事故的应急决策具有重要的现实意义。     

日本城市废弃物处理和综合利用技术简介

应日本新技术促进机构邀请,对日本城市废弃物处理和综合利用技术进行考察.简要介绍日本新技术促进机构以及日本企业对于城市垃圾、废塑料和电子废弃物的处置和再利用技术,为中日再生资源行业深入合作,推动我国再生资源行业技术发展提供借鉴.     

The current situation of solid waste generation and its environmental contamination in China

In China, controlling environmental pollution resulting from solid waste (SW) and hazardous waste (HW) has become one of the most pressing tasks in the field of environmental engineering. It is reported that the annual generation of industrial solid waste (ISW) in China exceeded 0.6 billion tons in the 1990s, and is increasing every year. Although ISW management has been strengthened in recent years, about 40% of SW is put in uncontrolled landfill without appropriate treatment. According to statistics from the national Environmental Protection Agency, the cumulative ISW uncontrolled landfill in China had reached 6.6 billion tons by the end of 1995, occupying around 55 000 hectares of land. Although some major uncontrolled landfills were constructed, nonetheless groundwater contamination resulted from the use of low-standard liners and poor management. Furthermore, about 20 million tons of ISW was discharged into the environment illegally, and a third of this waste was discharged directly into water bodies, making ISW one of the greatest pollution sources for surface water and ground water. Environmental pollution accidents resulting from SW occur about 100 times a year in China, and environmental issues frequently arise because of ISW pollution. The practices of SW management, treatment, and disposal started relatively late in China, and for a long time the management of SW pollution has received little attention compared with water and air pollution management. China faces problems such as the insufficiency of management laws and regulations, insufficient investment, inadequate treatment and disposal technology, and a lack of qualified technicians. At present, most treatment and disposal technology cannot meet the requests for solid waste pollution control. In order to protect, restore, and improve environmental quality in China and to realize sustainable development, the safe management and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes is a pressing challenge. In recent years, much attention has been paid to SW management in China, and investment to develop management and treatment technologies has increased. In 1995, the Law for Solid Waste Pollution Protection was issued, and work on solid waste treatment and disposal began to be legally managed. SW treatment and disposal facilities have been constructed, and now operate in some large and medium-sized cities. In particular, rapid improvements have been seen in ISW recycling, collection, and disposal of municipal solid waste and regional HW management. All the figures in this paper are from 1995, and represent the situation in China in that year. Received: April 18, 2000 / Accepted: May 15, 2000     

Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review

Pyrolysis has been examined as an attractive alternative to incineration for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal that allows energy and resource recovery; however, it has seldom been applied independently with the output of pyrolysis products as end products. This review addresses the state-of-the-art of MSW pyrolysis in regards to its technologies and reactors, products and environmental impacts. In this review, first, the influence of important operating parameters such as final temperature, heating rate (HR) and residence time in the reaction zone on the pyrolysis behaviours and products is reviewed; then the pyrolysis technologies and reactors adopted in literatures and scale-up plants are evaluated. Third, the yields and main properties of the pyrolytic products from individual MSW components, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) made from MSW, and MSW are summarised. In the fourth section, in addition to emissions from pyrolysis processes, such as HCl, SO₂ and NH₃, contaminants in the products, including PCDD/F and heavy metals, are also reviewed, and available measures for improving the environmental impacts of pyrolysis are surveyed. It can be concluded that the single pyrolysis process is an effective waste-to-energy convertor but is not a guaranteed clean solution for MSW disposal. Based on this information, the prospects of applying pyrolysis technologies to dealing with MSW are evaluated and suggested.     

有色金属行业含砷废弃物处置技术的研究进展

介绍了有色金属行业中含砷废弃物的两种处理技术——资源化和稳定化-固化的研究进展。从含砷的烟灰、废水及废渣3个方向对资源化处理技术的研究进展进行了介绍,含砷废弃物经资源化处理后可得到As2O3和砷酸盐产品,但砷产品品种有限,应开发新的资源化途径和砷产品。此外,综述了含砷废弃物的稳定化-固化处置技术的研究进展,指出铁盐稳定化优于钙盐稳定化,特别是臭葱石形式的沉淀具有稳定性高、堆存时间长和无需再固化的优点;对比了包胶固化、火法固化及熔融固化3种固化技术的特点,其中水泥包胶固化法的成熟度较高,但仍有改进空间。     

火电厂节水技术综述

对火电厂用水、废水的产生情况进行了研究,提出相应的废水处理及再利用对策,并介绍了国内外火电厂的节水技术方案和措施,可为火电厂的节水工作提供借鉴.     

Optimization of regional hazardous waste management systems: an improved formulation

The planning and design of regional hazardous waste management system (RHWMS) involves selection of treatment and disposal facilities, allocation of hazardous wastes and waste residues from generator to the treatment and disposal sites and selection of the transportation routes. An improved formulation based upon multi-objective integer programming approach is presented to arrive at the optimal configuration of RHWMS components. This formulation addresses important practical issues like unique characteristics of the hazardous wastes reflecting on waste–waste and waste–technology compatibility. A utility function approach is presented to integrate both cost and risk related objectives. An illustrative case example is presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the improved formulation as a tool which can be used by environmental planning agencies in regional planning for hazardous waste management.     

我国建立大型焚烧装置之拙见

推行清洁生产可以在生产过程中削减污染物的产生量,但不能完全杜绝污染物的产生,减量后的污染物必须处理,其末端处理技术仍是不可缺少的重要措施。本文在介绍了瑞士巴塞尔地区危险废物大型焚烧装置后,提出了我国建立大型焚烧炉时应注意的事项及建议：结合我国国情,国家全面规划,实行污染物集中焚烧;全面进行项目的可行性研究;燃烧产生的气体、废水和废渣需进行再处理;回收热量,降低污染物焚烧处理成本。     

Alternatives for treatment and disposal cost reduction of regulated medical wastes

Many hospitals or health care facilities have faced financial difficulties and thus they have attempted to find cost-effective treatment and disposal methods of their regulated medical wastes (RMWs). This study investigated generation volume and sources, composition, and treatment and disposal methods for RMWs obtained from three out of the five typical city hospitals in Massachusetts for which we could obtain relevant data on medical waste. Also, this study compared the generation patterns and amounts of RMWs between the hospital and the medical school. The yearly operational treatment and disposal costs of RMWs based on different treatment and disposal methods were analyzed for one hospital. The most cost-effective option of four different treatment and disposal options studied was to combine on-site incineration and microwave technologies. Finally, this study identified measures for the effective waste characterization methods for the reduction of treatment and disposal costs of RMWs. By careful exclusion of non-RMW from RMW waste streams, hospitals can reduce the RMW volume that requires special treatment and reduce disposal costs.     

An LCA model for waste incineration enhanced with new technologies for metal recovery and application to the case of Switzerland

A process model of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) and new technologies for metal recovery from combustion residues was developed. The environmental impact is modeled as a function of waste composition as well as waste treatment and material recovery technologies. The model includes combustion with a grate incinerator, several flue gas treatment technologies, electricity and steam production from waste heat recovery, metal recovery from slag and fly ash, and landfilling of residues and can be tailored to specific plants and sites (software tools can be downloaded free of charge). Application of the model to Switzerland shows that the treatment of one tonne of municipal solid waste results on average in 425 kg CO₂-eq. generated in the incineration process, and 54 kg CO₂-eq. accrue in upstream processes such as waste transport and the production of operating materials. Downstream processes, i.e. residue disposal, generates 5 kg CO₂-eq. Savings from energy recovery are in the range of 67 to 752 kg CO₂-eq. depending on the assumptions regarding the substituted energy production, while the recovery of metals from slag and fly ash currently results in a net saving of approximately 35 kg CO₂-eq. A similar impact pattern is observed when assessing the MSWI model for aggregated environmental impacts (ReCiPe) and for non-renewable resource consumption (cumulative exergy demand), except that direct emissions have less and no relevance, respectively, on the total score. The study illustrates that MSWI plants can be an important element of industrial ecology as they provide waste disposal services and can help to close material and energetic cycles.     

Thermal treatment and decontamination of mercury-contaminated waste: Recent developments and comparative evaluation

The land disposal restriction regulations have necessitated development of technologies for the treatment of wastes and soils containing mercury. Of all the treatment methods, thermal technologies are the most advanced and proven for a variety of mercury-contaminated waste materials. During the past few years, a number of thermal treatment processes have been developed both for listed and characteristic waste. A review of the technologies identified six that are in either commercial or pilot plant stages. The biggest volumes of waste currently occur in the gas processing and caustic-chlorine industries, so most of the technologies being used appear to have been developed around the characteristics of these two wastes. This article discusses the characteristics of each of the six available thermal treatment processes, and describes the types of mercury-contaminated wastes these technologies have been designed to handle.     

Comparative study of the methods used for treatment and final disposal of sewage sludge in European countries

Municipal wastewater treatment results to the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper and environmentally accepted management before final disposal. In European Union, sludge management remains an open and challenging issue for the Member States as the relative European legislation is fragmentary and quite old, while the published data concerning sludge treatment and disposal in different European countries are often incomplete and inhomogeneous. The main objective of the current study was to outline the current situation and discuss future perspectives for sludge treatment and disposal in EU countries. According to the results, specific sludge production is differentiated significantly between European countries, ranging from 0.1 kg per population equivalent (p.e.) and year (Malta) to 30.8 kg per p.e. and year (Austria). More stringent legislations comparing to European Directive 86/278/EC have been adopted for sludge disposal in soil by several European countries, setting lower limit values for heavy metals as well as limit values for pathogens and organic micropollutants. A great variety of sludge treatment technologies are used in EU countries, while differences are observed between Member States. Anaerobic and aerobic digestion seems to be the most popular stabilization methods, applying in 24 and 20 countries, respectively. Mechanical sludge dewatering is preferred comparing to the use of drying beds, while thermal drying is mainly applied in EU-15 countries (old Member States) and especially in Germany, Italy, France and UK. Regarding sludge final disposal, sludge reuse (including direct agricultural application and composting) seems to be the predominant choice for sludge management in EU-15 (53% of produced sludge), following by incineration (21% of produced sludge). On the other hand, the most common disposal method in EU-12 countries (new Member States that joined EU after 2004) is still landfilling. Due to the obligations set by Directive 91/271/EC, a temporary increase of sludge amounts that are disposed in landfills is expected during the following years in EU-12 countries. Beside the above, sludge reuse in land and sludge incineration seem to be the main practices further adopted in EU-27 (all Member States) up to 2020. The reinforcement of these disposal practices will probably result to adoption of advanced sludge treatment technologies in order to achieve higher pathogens removal, odors control and removal of toxic compounds and ensure human health and environmental protection.