Strain analysis in Jurassic argillites of the Monte Sirino area (Lagonegro Zone, southern Apennines, Italy) and implications for deformation paths in pelitic rocks

Analysis of strain in Jurassic argillites forming part of the folded and thrusted sedimentary succession of the Lagonegro basin (southern Italian Apennines) has been carried out using ellipsoid-shaped 'reduction' spots as strain markers. Most of the determined finite strain ellipsoids are of oblate type and show a peculiar distribution of the maximum extension direction ( X), with maxima either subparallel or subperpendicular to the local fold axes. Using the strain matrix method, two different deformation histories have been considered to assist the interpretation of the observed finite strain pattern. A first deformation history involved vertical compaction followed by horizontal shortening (occurring by a combination of true tectonic strain and volume loss), whereby all strain is coaxial and there is no change in the intermediate axis of the strain ellipsoid. By this type of deformation sequence, which produces a deformation path where total strain moves from the oblate to the prolate strain field and back to the oblate field, prolate strain ellipsoids can be generated and may be recorded where tectonic deformation has not been large enough to reverse pre-tectonic compaction. This type of deformation history may be of local importance within the study area (i.e. it may characterize some fold hinge regions) and, more generally, is probably of limited occurrence in deformed pelitic rocks. A second deformation sequence considered the superposition of pre-tectonic compaction and tectonic strain consisting of initial layer-parallel shortening followed by layer-parallel shear (related to flexural folding). Also in this instance, volume change during tectonic deformation and tectonic plane strain have been assumed. For geologically reasonable amounts of volume loss due to compaction and of initial layer-parallel shortening, this type of deformation history is capable of producing a deformation path entirely lying within the oblate strain field, but still characterized by a changeover, during deformation, of the maximum extension axis ( X) from a position parallel to the fold axis to one perpendicular to it. This type of deformation sequence may explain the main strain features observed in the study area, where most of the measured finite strain ellipsoids, determined from the limb regions of flexural folds, display an oblate shape, irrespective of the orientation of their maximum extension direction ( X) with respect to the local structural trends. More generally, this type of deformation history provides a mechanism to account for the predominance of oblate strains in deformed pelitic rocks. Key words Finite strain states · Compaction · Tectonic strain · Deformation gradient tensors · Deformation paths     

The roles of tolerance in the evolution, maintenance and breakdown of mutualism

Tolerance strategies are cost-reduction mechanisms that enable organisms to recover some of the fitness lost to damage, but impose limited or no cost on antagonists. They are frequently invoked in studies of plant–herbivore and of host–parasite interactions, but the possible roles of tolerance in mutualism (interspecific cooperation) have yet to be thoroughly examined. This review identifies candidate roles for tolerance in the evolution, maintenance and breakdown of mutualism. Firstly, by reducing the cost of damage, tolerance provides a key pathway by which pre-mutualistic hosts can reduce the cost of association with their parasites, promoting cooperation. This holds for the evolution of ‘evolved dependency’ type mutualism, where a host requires an antagonist that does not direct any reward to their partner for some resource, and of ‘outright mutualism’, where participants directly trade benefits. Secondly, in outright mutualism, tolerance might maintain cooperation by reducing the cost of a persisting negative trait in a symbiotic partner. Finally, the evolution of tolerance might also provide a pathway out of mutualism because the host could evolve a cheaper alternative to continued cooperation with its mutualistic partner, permitting autonomy. A key consequence of tolerance is that it contrasts with partner choice mechanisms that impose large costs on cheats, and I highlight understanding any trade-off between tolerance and partner choice as an important research topic in the evolution of cooperation. I conclude by identifying tolerance as part of a more general phenomenon of co-adaptation in mutualism and parasitism that drives the evolution of the cost/benefit ratio from the interaction.     

Tracing the diet of the monitor lizard Varanus mabitang by stable isotope analyses (delta(15)N,delta(13)C)

In this study, we used analyses of stable isotopes of nitrogen ('¹⁵N) and carbon ('¹³C) to determine the trophic ecology of the monitor lizard Varanus mabitang. Stable isotopes from claws, gut contents, and soft tissues were measured from the type specimen. Samples from Varanus olivaceus, Varanus prasinus, Varanus salvator, the herbivorous agamid lizard Hydrosaurus pustulatus, and some plant matter were included for comparison. Our data show a rapid decrease in '¹³C (about10‰) from food plants towards gut contents and soft tissues of herbivorous species. For the varanids, we found a significant linear correlation of decreasing '¹³C and increasing '¹⁵N from herbivorous towards carnivorous species. In terms of trophic isotope ecology, the type specimen of V. mabitang is a strict herbivore. Thus it differs significantly in its isotopic composition from the morphologically next closest related species V. olivaceus. The most highly carnivorous species is V. salvator, while '¹⁵N values for V. prasinus and V. olivaceus are intermediate. Claws provide very valuable samples for such measurements, because they can be sampled from living animals without harm. Additionally, their range of variability is relatively small in comparison with measurements from soft tissues.     

Feeding preference of the South American endemic anomuran <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegla platensis</Emphasis> (Decapoda,Anomura, Aeglidae)

In order to determine the feeding preference of Aegla platensis in streams and the importance of microorganisms in its detritivore diet, we carried out two experiments designed to evaluate the food preferences of A. platensis (1) among leaves with different levels of microbial colonization and (2) among insect larvae (Chironomidae, Simuliidae, Hydropsychidae) and microbially conditioned leaves. A. platensis preferred animal over plant food items; when only leaves were offered, this aeglid preferred the leaves with higher levels of microorganism conditioning.     

Carbon mitigation potential and costs of forestry options in Brazil,China, India,Indonesia, Mexico,the Philippines and Tanzania

This paper summarizes studies of carbon (C) mitigation potential and costs of about 40 forestry options in seven developing countries. Each study uses the same methodological approach – Comprehensive Mitigation Assessment Process (COMAP) – to estimate the above parameters between 2000 and 2030. The approach requires the projection of baseline and mitigation land-use scenarios. Coupled with data on a per ha basis on C sequestration or avoidance, and costs and benefits, it allows the estimation of monetary benefit per Mg C, and the total costs and carbon potential. The results show that about half (3.0 Pg C) the cumulative mitigation potential of 6.2 Petagram (Pg) C between 2000 and 2030 in the seven countries (about 200× 10⁶ Mg C yr^-1) could be achieved at a negative cost and the remainder at costs ranging up to $100 Mg C^-1. About 5 Pg C could be achieved, at a cost less than $20 per Mg C. Negative cost potential indicates that non-carbon revenue is sufficient to offset direct costs of these options. The achievable potential is likely to be smaller, however, due to market, institutional, and sociocultural barriers that can delay or prevent the implementation of the analyzed options.     

Parasitoid-induced mortality of Araneus omnicolor (Araneae, Araneidae) by Hymenoepimecis sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in southeastern Brazil

All species included in the Polysphincta genus-group develop as ectophagous parasitoids of active spiders, killing their hosts prior to pupation. However, little information regarding natural history and ovipositing behavior of most species are available. In this study we inspected 85 webs of Araneus omnicolor to evaluate the frequency of parasitism and host size preferences of the wasp Hymenoepimecis sp. We also described the web characteristics of normal and parasitized spiders and the wasp ovipositing behavior. About 41% of the adult females of A. omnicolor inspected were parasitized. The highest incidence of parasitism was observed among relatively small females while no egg or larva was found in large individuals. Araneus omnicolor builds a strong web composed of an orb and barrier threads, where the spider rests within a curled leaf. The parasitoid larva builds its cocoon within this refuge, and modified cocoon webs were not observed. The ovipositing behavior of Hymenoepimecis sp. was very similar to that of Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga parasitizing Leucauge argyra, including the position of the sting, the killing of a previously attached larva, and the expelling of the egg from the base of the ovipositor.     

苦杏仁酸、苹果酸、乳酸对Cr(VI)还原作用的比较

不同温度和pH条件下,通过批式试验研究了苦杏仁酸、苹果酸、乳酸还原Cr(VI)的反应速率.结果表明,这3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)的能力表现为:苦杏仁酸>苹果酸>乳酸.苦杏仁酸对Cr(VI)的还原作用受pH变化的影响较大,而乳酸受温度变化的影响较大.同时研究了Mn(II)对3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)反应速率的影响.结果表明,Mn(II)对3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)均有催化作用,其中对苦杏仁酸表现更为明显.     

苦杏仁酸、苹果酸、乳酸对Cr(VI)还原作用的比较

不同温度和pH条件下,通过批式试验研究了苦杏仁酸、苹果酸、乳酸还原Cr(Ⅵ)的反应速率.结果表明,这3种α-OH酸还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力表现为:苦杏仁酸＞苹果酸＞乳酸.苦杏仁酸对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原作用受pH变化的影响较大,而乳酸受温度变化的影响较大.同时研究了Mn(Ⅱ)对3种α-OH酸还原Cr(Ⅵ)反应速率的影响.结果表明,Mn(Ⅱ)对3种α-OH酸还原Cr(Ⅵ)均有催化作用,其中对苦杏仁酸表现更为明显.     

Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in the Wastewater and Rivers of Tapachula,a Migratory Hub in Southern Mexico

Food and Environmental Virology - The COVID-19 pandemic has been monitored by applying different strategies, including SARS-CoV-2 detection with clinical testing or through wastewater-based...     

对首要污染物所揭示的京津冀环境空气质量状况的认识启迪与对策建议

利用中国环境监测总站发布的实时大气环境监测资料,选择京津冀地区8个城市（北京市、天津市、石家庄市、保定市、唐山市、邢台市、邯郸市和秦皇岛市）57个站点为研究对象,对2015年该地区AQI（环境空气质量指数）及其首要污染物日报和实时报特征进行综合分析与评估.结果表明:①京津冀地区8个城市空气质量等级日报的首要污染物主要是PM_2.5,其中邯郸市以PM_2.5为首要污染物日数占比（即出现日数占全年总天数的比例）最高,为90%;北京市最小,为50%;其余城市在70%左右.以O₃为首要污染物日数占比较高的是北京市和保定市,超过20%;秦皇岛市最小,为2.8%.以NO₂为首要污染物日数占比较高的是秦皇岛市,为10.6%.②京津冀地区8个城市AQI实时报中以O₃为首要污染物的情况最多不超过10%,几乎没有以NO₂为首要污染物的情况;但在AQI日报中,以O₃为首要污染物的日数占比最高的可达26%,以NO₂为首要污染物的日数占比高达11%.③以2015年北京市奥体中心站点为例,当AQI日报仅以NO₂为首要污染物时（23 d）,空气质量等级日报均为良的情况主要发生在1-3月和10-12月;然而同期AQI实时报白天（08:00-16:00）空气质量等级均呈现优、良,而夜晚（16:00以后）ρ（PM_2.5）为中度和重度污染等级;当AQI日报仅以O₃为首要污染物时（55 d）,空气质量等级日报均为良的情况主要发生在4月和7-8月;同期,尽管AQI实时报中ρ（PM_2.5）日变化差异不明显,但ρ（PM_2.5）达到中度和重度污染等级的时段明显增多,且峰值多出现在10:00左右.④导致AQI日报和实时报结果差异的主要原因是在计算实时AQI时颗粒物质量浓度标准仅参考ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）24 h限值,这将会导致不确定性及滞后性.研究显示,在全国已有5 a长时间监测数据的基础上,有必要对AQI等内容开展深入研究,以加强对标准及其相关指南和规定的修改与完善工作.      

皖浙赣相邻区中元古代溪口岩群的划分与对比

通过1：25万区调工作，对变质岩区采用了构造一地(岩)层法填图，区域性标志层的追索与对比，以及所获得的同位素年龄成果，对研究区长期存在的同物异名及同名异物的现象得到了较好的理顺。根据溪口岩群的岩石组合、沉积构造、变质变形特征，将其划分为佛子坑、板桥、木坑、郑家坞四个岩组。溪口岩群和双桥山群、双溪坞群应属大致同时、但在不同大地构造背景下不同沉积环境的产物，溪口岩群与双桥山群、双溪坞群层位相当，但岩性组合差异较大。     

A2O-IFAS工艺生物膜微生物群落的演替及分布特性

在A²O-IFAS工艺中探究了不同功能分区生物膜微生物群落的演替及分布特性.利用该工艺处理实际生活污水,总无机氮去除负荷可达（0.10±0.03）kg·m^-3·d^-1,总无机氮和COD的平均去除率分别为70%和79%.高通量测序结果显示,厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus＿Brocadia在好氧区生物膜中的相对丰度最高（0.43%）,其次是缺氧区生物膜、活性污泥和厌氧区生物膜.此外,絮体污泥与好氧区生物膜有着相似的微生物群落,该结果表明,功能区非生物因素可驱使生物膜微生物群落在缺氧区和厌氧区发生演替现象,DO、C/N比等环境因素和微生物的互作机制是驱动微生物群落分布和厌氧氨氧化菌富集的关键.本研究可为主流厌氧氨氧化菌的富集和技术应用提供重要参考.     

中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟(I)——模型的建立与灵敏度分析

以业已建成的稻麦作物净初级生产力模型为基本框架,建立了一个具有普适性的中国农业植被净初级生产力模型(CropC-)。CropC-的模拟对象为占我国农作物总播种面积2/3的水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、油菜和大豆。该模型包括2个主要功能模块:光合作用和呼吸作用;土壤-作物系统氮素运移。前者综合考虑了环境因子和氮素的影响,后者包括了作物氮素吸收、土壤氮矿化和化肥氮释放。灵敏度分析表明,在输入参数变化±10%时,CropC-对6个主要输入参数响应的敏感性依次为温度>光合有效辐射>大气CO2浓度>土壤全氮含量>施氮量>降水。模型分析表明,气候变暖将降低作物净初级生产力。     

厌氧颗粒污泥对五氯酚(PCP)的吸附、解吸及生物降解

以未驯化污泥接种的升流式厌氧污泥床反应器可形成降解五氯酚（PCP）的颗粒污泥．颗粒污泥去除PCP的主要机制是生物降解作用,而不是生物吸附作用．PCP在颗粒污泥上的吸附和解吸符合Freundlich等温方程,吸附和解吸的Freundlich常数K、1/n分别为0.7857mg/gSS、0.5079和1.1095mg/gSS、0.3782,部分PCP被不可逆吸附．与其它活或死的生物材料相比,本试验形成的颗粒污泥对PCP吸附量较小．该方程较准确地表达了UASB反应器内厌氧颗粒污泥对PCP吸附量的变化规律．     

长江颗粒(类)金属元素分布、来源和向海输送

基于对长江干流与主要支流丰水期的调查和下游一个水文年的综合观测,结合多元数理统计手段和历史观测数据,对悬浮颗粒物中元素的时空变化、控制因素和来源等进行了解析,探讨了流域自然和人为因素对元素输送的影响.结果表明,大多颗粒物携带的元素在涪陵至宜昌河段存在下降趋势,这和三峡水库对颗粒物的滞留有关.多个元素在人口活动密集的下游地区出现高值,为人类活动和流域地质背景共同作用的结果.统计表明,硼（B）、钪（Sc）、镓（Ga）、锶（Sr）、钛（Ti）、锆（Zr）和铌（Nb）元素主要来源于岩石风化和土壤侵蚀等自然过程;锰（Mn）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镍（Ni）、钴（Co）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）和铬（Cr）元素主要受人类活动影响.尽管颗粒物中各元素入海通量差异大,但大多在丰水期的输送通量占全年的比例最高,且颗粒态元素的输送通量远高于溶解态.长江悬浮颗粒物中重金属元素含量在全球河流处于中等浓度水平.长江输沙量因筑坝发生了较大的变化,悬浮颗粒物中金属元素的输送源汇格局因此正在发生改变,并可能对河流和河口环境产生深远的影响.