城市垃圾渗滤液氨氮吹脱研究

本文从相平衡与气液传质速率两方面对城市垃圾渗滤液 NH+4-N吹脱工艺的主要影响因素进行了理论分析 ,并在 Φ75 0 mm填料塔中对渗滤液的 p H值、喷淋密度以及液气比进行了实验研究 ,获得了适宜的操作条件。     

Quantifying hysteresis of atrazine desorption from a sandy loam soil

Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of initial atrazine concentrations and consecutive desorption steps on the desorption characteristics of atrazine from a sandy loam soil.As initial atrazine concentration increased,the average percentage of atrazine desorption on the sandy loam soil ranged gradually from 23.1% to 38.5% after five consecutive desorption steps.The values of the Freundlich capacity parameter,kdes,derived from the initial concentration and time-dependent desorption isotherm were consistently higher than those associated with sorption.The opposite trend was observed only for the values of nonlinear parameter,ndes,from the initial concentration-dependent desorption isotherms.Atrazine hydrolysis to hydroxyatrazine and bound residue formation were mainly responsible for the observed hysteresis in its sorption and desorption isotherms.For the initial concentration-dependent desorption isotherms,as initial atrazine concentration increased,the values of hysteretic coefficients ω and λ decreased,and H values increased.However,the relationships between initial atrazine concentration and hysteretic coefficients were not pronounced for ω,H,or λ.For the time-dependent desorption isotherms,λ and H values increased as the atrazine desorption step proceeded.The correlation between hysteretic coefficient and desorption step was highly significant for λ (P 0.0001),but not for H.     

磷在土壤中的解吸动力学

选择我国华北农田一种典型钙质土壤－草甸褐土,在实验室运用水静态浸提方法研究了对于不同的磷加入量,土壤磷在不同振荡时间（t）和不同水土比（w）条件下的解吸动力学过程．结果表明,在一定的水土比条件下,土壤通过解吸释放的磷与振荡时间呈指数关系;在一定的振荡时间条件下,磷的解吸与水土比也呈指数关系;在一定的振荡时间和水土比条件下,磷的解吸与土壤初始可浸提磷量成正比．通过实验,建立了一个简单的经验模型：pd＝0.33P₀t^0.09W^0.28,描述磷的解吸过程,并给出了该模型的条件范围．     

鼠李糖脂洗脱土壤中多氯联苯影响因素的研究

研究了由铜绿假单胞菌发酵产生的代表性生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂（RL）对土壤中PCBs解吸的影响。结果表明,RL的种类与浓度、土壤污染类型、解吸时间、洗脱次数、pH以及离子强度对土壤中PCBs的洗脱有一定的影响,而温度对PCBs的洗脱影响很小。当RL浓度低于CMC时,对PCBs的洗脱没有明显的促进作用;当RL浓度高于CMC后,对PCBs的洗脱有显著的促进作用。具有较低HLB的单鼠李糖脂R2对PCBs的洗脱效果要优于二鼠李糖脂R1。人工污染土壤中PCBs的洗脱效果要高于陈化土壤。污染土壤中TOC的含量越高,PCBs的洗脱率越低。延长解吸时间和增加洗脱次数可增加土壤中PCBs的洗脱率。碱性环境（pH〉7）或增加RL溶液中的离子强度均有利于土壤中PCBs的洗脱。     

电解锰生产厂区废水分质回用模式研究

以清洁生产的理念,对贵州省电解锰行业生产废水循环模式进行了优化,将冷却系统强制排污水作为后处理系统的补充水,后处理系统产生的含铬锰废水处理后先系统小循环,剩余水进入电解溶液系统,最终出水被蒸发和渣带走。试运行结果表明:优化后,电解锰生产的3个用水系统均可达到平衡,厂区内无生产废水排放,可见电解锰生产废水闭路循环是可行的;优化后含铬锰废水中硫酸铵累积不会导致产品硫含量超标,也不会对电解过程产生影响。     

稳定剂对电解锰废渣中高浓度可溶性锰稳定效果的影响

为满足大宗废渣经济性处理的需要,从碱性物质、磷酸盐、碳酸盐类药剂筛选出“物美价廉”稳定剂,考察了CaO、MgO和Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2及其与NaHCO3和Na3PO4的组合对电解锰废渣中的可溶性锰的稳定化效果,并采用矿物组成分析、锰价态分析和形态变化探讨可溶性锰固定机理.结果表明:投加10%MgO锰渣中可溶性锰固定率达到100%,9%CaO+5%NaHCO3和9%CaO+5%Na3PO4的组合实现可溶性锰固定率95%以上.上述3组稳定剂将可溶性Mn2+先转变为沉淀态锰进一步转变为高价态含锰物相.后两组中NaHCO3或Na3PO4的加入促进了Mn2+向Mn3+、Mn4+的转化.     

Characterization of heavy metal desorption from road-deposited sediment under acid rain scenarios

Road-deposited sediments(RDS) on urban impervious surfaces are important carriers of heavy metals.Dissolved heavy metals that come from RDS influenced by acid rain,are more harmful to urban receiving water than particulate parts.RDS and its associated heavy metals were investigated at typical functional areas,including industrial,commercial and residential sites,in Guangdong,Southern China,which was an acid rain sensitive area.Total and dissolved heavy metals in five particle size fractions were analyzed using a shaking method under acid rain scenarios.Investigated heavy metals showed no difference in the proportion of dissolved fraction in the solution under different acid rain pHs above3.0,regardless of land use.Dissolved loading of heavy metals related to organic carbon content were different in runoff from main traffic roads of three land use types.Coarse particles(150 μm) that could be efficiently removed by conventional street sweepers,accounted for 55.1%-47.1%of the total dissolved metal loading in runoff with pH 3.0-5.6.The obtained findings provided a significant scientific basis to understand heavy metal release and influence of RDS grain-size distribution and land use in dissolved heavy metal pollution affected by acid rain.     

镍铁水滑石对水中磷酸根的去除及其解析性能研究

高效、低成本实现污水中磷元素的去除及回收对解决磷危机具有重要的意义。采用共沉淀法结合超声处理技术制备出一系列不同镍铁比(Ni :Fe)的超薄镍铁水滑石(Ni_xFe-LDHs)纳米片,通过构建水滑石Zeta电位和吸附磷酸根($PO_{4}^{3-}$)的能力与镍铁比的关系曲线,发现Zeta电位和结晶性能是影响LDHs吸附性能的2个重要内在因素。当Ni :Fe为2 :1时,其对$PO_{4}^{3-}$的吸附量可达248.00 mg/g。在此基础上,通过适当的再生工艺,经过6次循环后,Ni₂Fe-LDHs的再生效率仍可达59.2%。     

海水对含水层沉积物中镭解吸的模拟实验

本研究采用莱州湾沿岸含水层中的沉积物,通过渗滤实验模拟镭的解吸过程。结果表明,在典型的地下水流速范围内(0.02~0.30 cm/min),镭同位素(223Ra、224Ra、226Ra)的解吸没有显著变化。在海水与淡水的混合过程中,解吸的镭比活度与水的盐度呈显著的线性正相关关系。当盐度超过海水盐度时(如S=80的卤水中),解吸的镭比活度则趋于最值平台。对比模拟估算的地下水中镭的比活度与莱州湾沿岸实测间隙水中镭的比活度,223Ra和224Ra的结果基本一致,而226Ra的实测结果较模拟估算结果偏小。可能由于含水层中226Ra经反复解吸后得不到母体核素及时补充所致。本研究将为更好地理解镭同位素在含水层中的地球化学行为提供科学依据,为合理地选择量化海底地下水排放(submarine groundwater discharge,SGD)模型的镭端元值提供新的参考视角。     

砷在昂曲沉积物中吸附解吸的影响因素研究

水环境条件的改变会影响沉积物对砷（As）的吸附解吸行为,进而影响砷在水环境中的迁移和转化.本实验以西藏昌都昂曲表层沉积物为研究对象,通过正交试验,考察pH、转速、溶解氧（DO）、Fe/Mn含量、沉积物/水比例、温度、粒径及As含量对沉积物吸附解吸As的影响.研究结果表明：①沉积物对砷的吸附量随着初始As含量、Fe/Mn含量和pH值的升高而增大,随着颗粒物浓度的升高而减小;不同粒径的沉积物对砷的吸附主要与沉积物中的有机质含量有关,粒径为63~250 μm的沉积物有机质含量最高（3.13 g·kg^-1）,平均吸附量最大（517.28 mg·kg^-1）.②不同粒径沉积物的解吸量与其砷含量和有机质含量有关,砷含量越高,有机质含量越少,砷的解吸量越大.砷的解吸量与转速和温度呈正相关,与pH、DO和颗粒物浓度呈负相关.③Langmuir模型对吸附等温线的拟合效果好于Freundlich模型,沉积物对砷的吸附存在明显的固体浓度效应.     

典型表面活性剂对焦化污泥中富集多环芳烃的解吸

焦化废水中的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)由于其亲脂性极易转移至污泥相中,此过程成为微生物降解污泥中PAHs的传质受限步骤.基于表面活性剂解吸焦化污泥中富集的PAHs以利于微生物降解的构想,采用两种典型的表面活性剂—Triton X~(-1)00和十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,SDS)来考察其对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶作用,对比了不同浓度的菲、芘和苯并[a]芘在焦化污泥上的吸附特征,探讨了表面活性剂对焦化污泥中富集多环芳烃的解吸行为.结果发现,表面活性剂对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶能力与三者的亲脂性存在负相关的关系,它们在焦化污泥上的吸附特征可用Freundlich等温吸附模型来描述,影响吸附容量的因素包括PAHs的亲脂性和焦化污泥的理化性质;SDS与Triton X~(-1)00共同作用时对芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶更明显;以两者混合质量计的1 g表面活性剂在16 d内可以解吸1.12mg的总PAHs.上述研究可以作为焦化污泥生物修复的增溶工艺中表面活性剂需求量计算的参考依据.     

金属离子对长期污染土壤中多环芳烃解吸的影响

研究了离子强度、不同金属离子对土壤中PAHs表观解吸水平的影响.根据Pearson原理计算了菲、荧蒽、芘和苯并[k]荧蒽等几种PAHs的碱性特征参数并据此分析了其酸碱性类型.结果表明:实验条件下,解吸液中离子强度并非影响土壤中PAHs解吸的控制要素;不同硬度酸性金属离子与PAHs之间的酸碱作用是影响土壤中PAHs解吸水平变化的关键.硬酸性金属离子Ba2+、Al3+、Ca2+对土壤中PAHs的解吸具有促进作用,软酸性离子Hg2+、Ag+则具有抑制作用,比较而言交界酸性金属离子Cu2+、Fe2+、Zn2+在提高土壤中PAHs解吸上作用更加明显.     

Characteristics of isothermal adsorption and desorption of aluminum ion to/from humic acids

The adsorption and desorption characteristics of Al3+ to/from humic acids at di erent pH, ionic strength, and temperature were studied by the C-25 glucosan-gel chromatography method. The results showed that the maximum adsorption amount (Qmax) and adsorption constant (k) increased, whereas, the absolute value of standard thermodynamic molar free energy change ( G0 m) decreased with the increase of pH at constant ionic strength and temperature. With ionic strength increasing from 0 to 0.15 mol/L, Qmax and k increased and the absolute value of G0 m decreased at constant pH and temperature. High temperature was unfavorable for the adsorption reaction, as indicated by the dramatic decrease of Qmax and the absolute value of G0 m with an increase in temperature. The standard thermodynamic molar free energy change ( G0 m) and the standard thermodynamic enthalpy change ( H0m ) of the adsorption reaction were both negative, suggesting that adsorption reaction was spontaneous and exothermic. The desorption rate of HA-Al3+ complex accelerated with the decrease of pH, and a significant linear relationship could be obtained between pH and the desorption rates of Al3+ from humic acids. These results demonstrated that the Al3+ adsorption reaction was a “biphase” reaction, and adsorption occurred at both the interior and exterior adsorption sites of humic acids.     

Effects of maize root exudates and organic acids on the desorption ofphenanthrene from soils

The effects of maize root exudates and low-molecular-weight-organic anions (LMWOAs) on the desorption of phenanthrene from eight artificially contaminated soils were evaluated. A significant negative correlation was observed between the amounts of phenanthrene desorbed and the soil organic carbon (SOC) contents (P<0.01), and the influences of soil pH and clay content on phenanthrene desorption were insignificant (P>0.1). Neither maize root exudates nor oxalate and citrate anions influenced desorption of phenanthrene with the addition of NAN3. A faster phenanthrene desorption occurred without the addition of NaN3 in the presence of maize root exudates than oxalate or citrate due to the enhanced degradation by root exudates. Without the addition of NaN3, oxalate or citrate at different concentrations could inhibit phenanthrene desorption to different extents and the inhibiting effect by citrate was more significant than by oxalate. This study leads to the conclusion that maize root exudates can not enhance the desorption under abiotic condition with the addition of NaN3 and can promote the desorption of phenanthrene in soils without the addition of NAN3.     

菜园土壤磷素解吸模型与淋溶流失预测

为减少菜园土壤P面源污染,通过土壤解吸试验和种植叶菜的盆栽渗漏水收集试验,得到土壤P解吸模型,并建立解吸特征值与土壤渗漏水P浓度的关系.6种供试土壤的解吸试验表明,土壤镉解吸模型需经过修正才能较好地拟合土壤P解吸曲线,并求得土壤P可解吸量Q、土壤溶液初始P浓度和缓冲系数等解吸特征值.提出"双速率转折点"概念预测土壤P流失潜能,当耕层土壤P解吸特征值超过"双速率转折点"时,土壤渗漏水P浓度将以非线性形式显著增加.若以城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准的二级标准(3mg/L)作为土壤渗漏水P的限值,则Q(水土比为20:1时的水溶性P)应<10.5mg/kg,并进一步得出各土壤的"环保施肥量".     

江川农场旱田改水田对水环境的影响研究

黑龙江省江川农场实施旱田改水田后,粮食产量持续上升,同时也暴露了以总氮和总磷为主的非点源污染问题。农田氮磷流失主要包括以下几个方面：降雨径流（排水）过程、土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移过程、污染物迁移转化过程。文章基于美国通用土壤流失方程（USLE）和降雨径流模型（SCS）,结合调查资料,分别估算2013年江川农场水田和旱田的总氮和总磷的年输出负荷,从而得出旱改水对水环境的影响结论。     

电解锰行业清洁生产审核绩效评价分析

介绍了我国电解锰行业发展及清洁生产审核的推进情况,通过在电解锰行业开展数轮清洁生产审核,诊断出该行业存在的主要环境污染问题,在行业内建立了规范化的管理制度,推动了清洁生产技术的发展,分析了典型中高费方案实现的环境效益和经济效益。结合电解锰行业清洁生产指标体系,重点分析了2009—2017年行业的有毒有害物质的替代、综合能耗、电流效率等关键性清洁生产指标的变化情况。结果显示,综合能耗由2009年的8 600 kW·h/t(以Mn计,下同)降至目前的6 900 kW·h/t,电流效率总体呈上升趋势。对于经过多轮审核的某企业,其电解槽、剥离方式、直流电耗、锰渣无害化处理和综合利用率、锰渣中水溶性锰浓度(以干基计)等5项评估指标均达到国内领先水平,在行业处于顶尖水平,另一项指标单位产品新鲜水耗也有明显下降,为行业节能减排起到引领作用。     

Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals

A novel nanoadsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions is reported.Cotton was first hydrolyzed to obtain cellulose nanocrystals(CNCs).CNCs were then chemically modified with succinic anhydride to obtain SCNCs.The sodic nanoadsorbent(NaSCNCs) was further prepared by treatment of SCNCs with saturated NaHCO 3 aqueous solution.Batch experiments were carried out with SCNCs and NaSCNCs for the removal of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+.The effects of contact time,pH,initial adsorption concentration,coexisting ions and the regeneration performance were investigated.Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption equilibrium time of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ was reached within 150 min on SCNCs and 5 min on NaSCNCs.The adsorption capacities of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ on SCNCs and NaSCNCs increased with increasing pH.The adsorption isotherm was well fitted by the Langmuir model.The maximum adsorption capacities of SCNCs and NaSCNCs for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ were 367.6 mg/g,259.7 mg/g and 465.1 mg/g,344.8 mg/g,respectively.SCNCs and NaSCNCs showed high selectivity and interference resistance from coexisting ions for the adsorption of Pb 2+.NaSCNCs could be efficiently regenerated with a mild saturated NaCl solution with no loss of capacity after two recycles.The adsorption mechanisms of SCNCs and NaSCNCs were discussed.     

室内木柴燃烧排放水溶性离子粒径分布特征

基于实验室模拟燃烧和稀释通道采样系统,采用荷电低压撞击采样器采集了6种典型木柴燃烧排放的14级粒径段颗粒物.采用离子色谱分析了8种水溶性离子,获得水溶性离子的分粒径排放因子和排放特征.结果 表明,Ca2+的排放因子呈双峰分布,在0.25～0.38和2.5～3.6μm粒径段出现峰值,分别为0.14和0.16mg/kg.其...