Source term estimation of natural gas leakage in utility tunnel by combining CFD and Bayesian inference method

As an effective way to construct and maintain various life pipelines in urban areas and industrial parks, the underground utility tunnel has been developed rapidly in China in recent years. However, the natural gas pipeline leakage in a utility tunnel may cause fire, explosion or other coupling disastrous accidents that could result in fatal consequences. The effective source term estimation (STE) of natural gas leakage can provide technical supports for emergency response during natural gas leakage accidents in utility tunnels. In this paper, a STE model with the combination of gas transport model, Bayesian inference and slice sampling method is proposed to estimate the source parameters of natural gas leakage in underground utility tunnels. The observed data can be integrated into the gas transport model and realize the inversion of natural gas leakage location and release rates. The parameter sensitivity analysis is presented to evaluate the robustness of the proposed model with good practicability, and the gas sensor layouts in the utility tunnel are analyzed and optimized. The spatio-temporal distribution of the leaked gas could be well predicted based on the estimation source parameters by the proposed STE model. The results show that the proposed model is an alternative and effective tool to provide technical supports for loss prevention and mitigation for natural gas leakage accidents in urban utility tunnels.     

鲸鱼优化算法下气体泄漏源波达方向估计法

为减小压力容器气体泄漏实时位置估算误差,准确监测容器工况,首先,从声学监测角度提出一种引入鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)的泄漏源估计方法,采用波达方向(DOA)估计法预测气体泄漏位置方向,获得泄漏源角坐标;然后,引入WOA自适应选择方法分解DOA的特征值,多次迭代得到最精确的泄漏位置;最后,以某化工厂中压力容器数据为实际算例,...     

Experimental study on leak detection and location for gas pipeline based on acoustic method

The leak of gas pipelines can be detected and located by the acoustic method. The technologies of recognizing and extracting wave characteristics are summarized in details in this paper, which is to distinguish leaking and disturbing signals from time and frequency domain. A high-pressure and long distance leak test loop is designed and established by similarity analysis with field transmission pipelines. The acoustic signals collected by sensors are de-noised by wavelet transform to eliminate the background noises, and time-frequency analysis is used to analyze the characteristics of frequency domain. The conclusion can be drawn that most acoustic signals are concentrated on the ranges of 0-100 Hz. The acoustic signal recognition and extraction methods are verified and compared with others and it proves that the disturbing signals can be efficiently removed by the analysis of time and frequency domain, while the new characteristics of the accumulative value difference, mean value difference and peak value difference of signals in adjacent intervals can detect the leak effectively and decrease the false alarm rate significantly. The formula for leak location is modified with consideration of the influences of temperature and pressure. The positioning accuracy can be significantly improved with relative error between 0.01% and 1.37%.     

基于IPSO-BP模型的火灾气体传感器气压补偿算法

为完善飞机火灾检测系统,设计一套方案,模拟试验不同气压下CO、CO2气体传感器采集气体的体积分数值,并与理论值比较,进而提出一种根据粒子适应度值动态调整学习因子的粒子群算法.采用改进的粒子群(IPSO)算法寻找反向传播(BP)神经网络的最优初始权值阈值,再利用寻优后的BP神经网络修正CO、CO2气体传感器的检测结果,消...     

基于广义概念的城市燃气管道泄漏精确定位

为了准确地检测城市燃气管道泄漏,提出了一种基于广义概念的管道泄漏检测定位方法。声发射技术对于管道泄漏的检测、定位是一个极好的工具,但由于泄漏源的传播容易受到周围背景噪声以及复杂工况的影响,其定位误差较大。基于时延估计的互相关信号处理方法被广泛用于管道泄漏检测定位,但由于泄漏应力波传播通道的动态特性,使得源信号在传播过程中会产生波形变化,给互相关函数峰值位置的确定带来困难。由此引入广义相关分析方法,通过对信号进行前置滤波,在一定程度上减少了传播通道动态特性因素对泄漏点定位的不利影响,得到了更为准确的时延估值。在此基础上,通过模拟实验,编写Matlab神经网络代码,构造GRNN模型,进一步预测定位。结果表明,GRNN预测的声发射检测值、互相关定位值以及广义相关定位值,相比之前定位精度分别得到提高,其中基于广义相关的延时估计方法定位最为精确,将该方法用于工程实际中,可以更加精确地定位出泄漏点。     

Locating the gas leakage source in the atmosphere using the dispersion wave method

A new and simple method for locating emission source was proposed in this work based on gas dynamic dispersion information. The simulation of the unsteady state dispersion of leakage gas emission from the geosequestration project showed that the transportation process of emission gases in the atmosphere is similar to wave propagation, and the time parameter of the dispersion wave is linearly related to the downwind distance. Therefore, monitoring the dispersion wave at different downwind positions can be used to estimate the leakage source position. An estimation formula for locating emission sources was derived. First, an estimation formula for locating emission sources was derived under some initial assumptions. Then, the deviation of the location formula was investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and analytic solution to get the offset distance under different conditions. The results showed that the average distance is stable for a certain atmosphere and terrestrial conditions. This method needs no more than 3 sensors’ dynamic information to locate the emission source, and hence it is highly useful for conditions with limited sensors. A numerical test demonstrated that the absolute error of the source estimation is within the range of 1–30 m. Finally, experimental tests were conducted to verify the feasibility of the source location with dispersion waves. Therefore, the dispersion wave monitor is a potentially simple and feasible way to estimate the source location for gas emission event management with limited sensors in the process industries.     

Image rotation method for identification of NPW signals in the localization of pipeline leakage

Gas and oil are mainly transported through long-distance pipelines on land. Pipeline leaks lead to severe hazards to the environment and economy and even imperil human lives. Negative pressure wave (NPW)-based methods are fast and effective for leak monitoring and localization. The key problem for an NPW-based method is to determine the NPW and its arrival time, which is characterized by the knee point in the time domain signal. In this paper, an image rotation method is proposed based on the shape characteristic of the time domain signal induced by an NPW. Through image rotation, the knee point turns into the highest point, which is easy to detect. To verify the performance of the proposed method, leakage experiments were conducted on liquid and gas pipeline models. Previously developed FBG pipe fixture sensors were used to detect an NPW. These sensors were equidistantly installed on the pipeline, forming a sensor array. Based on the sensing array, a novel leak localization algorithm was used to compute the leakage position. The experimental results indicated that the image rotation method has good performance for identifying an NPW, even though many noise- and pressure-induced fluctuations exist in the signals. This method enables automated real-time monitoring and has potential for practical application.     

Quantitative sensitivity and reliability analysis of sensor networks for well kick detection based on dynamic Bayesian networks and Markov chain

Kick is considered as an early warning sign to the blowout that is among the most undesired and feared accidents during drilling operations. Kick detection system is commonly used to timely identify the occurrence of a kick. The method commonly used for kick detection relies on the proper selection of monitoring indicators. A kick detection system should not only have very high accuracy but also maintain reliable over a long time. Different from the existing studies focusing on improving the detection accuracy, this paper presents a frame emphasizing on quantitatively analyzing and enhancing the reliability of the kick detection sensor networks. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) for the sensor networks is established that employs Markov chain to obtain the reliability degradation of measurement sensors over time. The proposed method is applied and evaluated by case studies to conduct reliability and sensitivity analysis for kick detection sensor networks. The reliability analysis results demonstrate that the proposed method can quantitatively analyze the reliability of a kick detection sensor networks consisting of various sensors over given time periods. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the proposed method is effective in identifying the critical sensors that have the greatest effect on the reliability of one certain kick detection system. Based on the analysis results, optimized logical combination of sensors of a kick detection system can be achieved. An improved sensor network for the unreliable case was proposed and evaluated.     

A wave change analysis (WCA) method for pipeline leak detection using Gaussian mixture model

This paper presents a novel pipeline leak detection scheme based on gradient and slope turns rejection (GSTR). Instead of monitoring the pipeline under constant working pressure, GSTR introduces a new testing method which obtains data during the transient periods of different working pressures. A novel pipeline leak detection method based on those transient data without failure history is proposed. Wavelet packet analysis (WPA) is applied to extract features which capture the dynamic characteristics from the non-stationary pressure data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimension of the feature space. Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is utilized to approximate the density distribution of the lower-dimensional feature space which consists of the major principal components. Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is used to determine the number of mixtures for the GMM and a density boosting method is applied to achieve better accuracy of the distribution estimation. An experimental case study for oil pipeline system is used as an example to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于面积法优化缓倾斜煤层揭煤钻孔布置方式

为解决缓倾斜煤层石门揭煤过程中钻孔施工工程量大、抽采周期长、抽采效果不佳等问题,在对比分析前人提出的钻孔优化理念基础上,提出面积法优化缓倾斜煤层揭煤钻孔布置方式,并利用层次分析法,分别从安全可靠性、施工工程量、钻孔均匀性、工程投资、建设工期等5个指标对3种方案进行考察,优选出最佳揭煤实施方案.同时,通过COMSOL软件...     

An improved grey wolf optimizer algorithm for identification and location of gas emission

Identification of the leakage of hazardous gases plays an important role in the environment protection, human health and safety of industry production. However, lots of current optimization algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), suffer from poor global optimization capability and estimation accuracy. In this work, a hybrid differential evolutionary and GWO (DE-GWO) algorithm is proposed. Tested by simulation cases and Prairie Grass emission experimental data, DE-GWO shows higher estimation accuracy than GWO. Compared with the other four optimization algorithms, DE-GWO exhibits finer robust stability under different population sizes, fewer iterations, as well as higher estimation accuracy with fewer search agents. Importantly, simulation results demonstrate that DE-GWO is more suitable to apply in the scene with a small number of sensors. Therefore, the proposed in this paper outperforms other optimization algorithms for the gas emission inverse problem. DE-GWO can provide reliable estimation towards gas emission identification and positioning, which shows huge potential as the data analysis module of real-time monitoring and early warning system.     

岩鹰山隧道内天然气管道泄漏规律及通风方案研究

采用经典流体力学理论,以及计算流体力学（CFD）等方法相结合,对中缅油气 管线上具有代表性的岩鹰山隧道进行研究。用Fluent软件对岩鹰山隧道天然气管道泄漏 进行仿真模拟,利用Fluent模拟结果与泄漏源计算结果相结合,经过理论分析与数据拟 合,提出泄漏天然气充满隧道的时间计算模型,通过不同边界条件下隧道内天然气泄漏 扩散规律的模拟结果对时间模型进行验算并修正。利用计算流体力学（CFD）方法,研 究岩鹰山隧道在发生天然气泄漏事故后,单风机通风方案的效率,得出隧道通风优化方 案,方案内容包括最佳送风方式、布设水平位置、布设高度、布设间距。根据通风方案 计算结果对风机型号选取、以及隧道洞门设计提出了建议。     

基于无线传感网络的安全监控系统应用研究

对某特种气体厂生产过程中潜在的危险有害因素进行了辨识分析,提出了相应的对策措施,提出了基于MEMS传感器、无线传感网络和3G（GIS、GPS、GPRS）技术的安全监控系统方案,包括安全监控系统架构、MEMS传感器和无线传感网络节点的设置方案、无线传感网络接入和通信机制和安全监控系统的软件功能。所提的技术方案已在该特种气体厂进行示范应用,取得良好运行效果。     

基于决策树的矿井通风阻变型故障诊断及传感器优化布置

为实现矿井通风阻变型故障智能诊断,解决风速传感器优化布置与诊断模型不匹配的问题,提出基于决策树的矿井通风故障位置分类判断、故障量回归预测及嵌入式风速传感器优化布置一体化方法;以唐安矿为例对上述方法进行验证.结果表明:矿井通风空间数据集无量纲化能提高故障诊断准确率、提升模型收敛速度,剪枝能提高模型泛化能力;以基尼系数为嵌...     

Research based on double coverage rate and reliability of gas detector layout optimization

The gas detector layout should be highly attuned to combustible gas leakage and attain a good reliability in avoiding detector malfunction, which is an important guarantee for the normal production of the chemical industry and other related enterprises. Herein, a gas detector layout optimization method based on double coverage and reliability is proposed. The key gas leakage monitoring area is determined through layout scene field investigation. To improve the detection probability and detection system reliability, the dual coverage target and voting mechanism are set, and the gas detector layout is determined with the ray-casting algorithm according to the coverage target. Combined with FLACS software to simulate a variety of typical leakage conditions under different layout scenarios, the relationship between the leaked gas concentration detected by gas detectors in each layout scheme and time is obtained, and the gas leakage detection probability in each layout scheme, number of detectors that can trigger the alarm, shortest time to trigger the alarm and reliability are comprehensively evaluated. The decision-maker selects the final gas detector layout plan according to the evaluation results and actual site needs. The study shows that the detection probability of each layout scheme set according to the double coverage is high, and multiple detectors can trigger the alarm (up to 100%), which ensures that the alarm can be triggered within 10 s under all applicable conditions. According to the evaluation results, the decision-maker can obtain a layout scheme that not only agrees with the actual site conditions but also attains a high detection probability, short detection time and strong reliability.     

采用遗传算法优化气体探测器布局策略研究

石油石化装置具有结构复杂且危险性高的特点,所加工物料多为易燃易爆有毒物质,且工艺单元之间集成度高,一旦发生泄漏若无法及时探测到则易形成气液积聚和火灾爆炸后果强化,装置拥塞度高使人员逃生困难。火气系统FGS作为安全关键系统,其中的气体探测网络如何快速可靠的实现对气体泄漏事件的探测显得尤为重要。已知探测时间,通过引入遗传算法利用其全局搜索的特点克服传统分支定界法的缺点,实现立体空间不同高度下设置探测网络达到场景全覆盖和缩短探测时间,同时求出探测时间附近的多组最优解,为探测器放置提供多种布置方案。通过与传统等间距探测器布置方案比较,从多种布置方案中选择更符合实际的最佳方案。通过海上浮式生产储油船的生产夹板气体探测案例,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

有限元在安全帽设计中的应用

安全帽可以防止高空坠落物对人员头部造成伤害。在材料和工艺一定的前提下,安全帽的结构对发挥安全帽的作用尤为重要。本文首先对安全帽作用机理及使用情况进行分析,指出改善安全帽帽壳缓冲性能有利于更好地发挥安全帽的作用。然后简要介绍ANSYS的建模方案以及网格划分和自由度约束情况,通过对安全帽的ANSYS有限元分析,得出安全帽的变形和应变图,并通过分析安全帽从最低端到顶端的变形和应变情况,指出安全帽在撞击过程中的能力吸收规律,根据分析数据提出建立双层安全帽帽壳的改进方案,并再次通过有限元分析得出变形和应变图,验证了双层安全帽帽壳在缓冲方面更有效果,这种分析结果可以为安全帽帽壳的设计提供参考。     

基于MCOA布置矿井瓦斯传感器

为了预防矿井瓦斯事故,确定增设瓦斯传感器的数量和位置。通过建立监测有效 等级来确定增设瓦斯传感器的数量,然后通过分析多个猴群同步并行搜索、简易猴群算 法的初步搜索和基本和声算法的二次搜索等方法,设计出猴群优化算法的计算流程,再 根据瓦斯传感器布置的目标函数确定增设瓦斯传感器位置。以大隆矿为例进行了现场工 业试验,结果表明,增设瓦斯传感器的数量与监测有效等级之间成正比例关系,但并非 随着监测有效等级的提高而持续增加。     

不同离散格式下埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏扩散数值研究

为了掌握埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏扩散特性、防止因管道泄漏引起的火灾爆炸等事故发生,研究了埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏扩散的机理。针对埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏扩散问题,运用多孔介质模型,结合三大守恒方程,构建了基于计算流体力学的数值模型,探讨了大小孔隙率特性下,对非线性对流项和压力梯度项分别采用4种不同离散格式组合方式时的天然气体积分数分布,并与试验进行对比分析。以泰州至戴南的埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏进行实例研究。结果表明:大孔隙率特性下,一阶standard格式在精度和计算速度上要优于其他离散格式,与试验结果更加接近;小孔隙率特性下,二阶presto!格式相比其他几种压力离散方式具有更高的求解精度。     

煤与瓦斯共采在错层位巷道布置中的机理研究及应用构想

为了完善现有煤与瓦斯共采技术,创新煤与瓦斯共采方法,对错层位巷道布置下的煤与瓦斯共采系统展开研究,利用相似模拟试验,分析错层位巷道布置覆岩运动情况,预测其开采围岩裂隙发育和瓦斯运移形式,提出了创新煤与瓦斯共采技术构想。研究结果表明:采空区覆岩三带高度随接续工作面的增加而增大,相邻采空区垮落矸石压实区呈现“O-L-O”形变化,多个相邻采空区覆岩出现大“O”形圈裂隙带;相邻采空区内瓦斯可实现相互运移,大“O”形圈裂隙带内赋存大量瓦斯气体;研究提出了地面钻井抽采瓦斯、走向高位瓦斯抽采巷和外错尾巷穿层钻孔3种煤与瓦斯共采技术,比传统巷道布置情况下的煤与瓦斯共采技术在安全、经济等方面更具优势。