Keeping the Books for Environmental Systems: An Emergy Analysis of West Virginia

Emergy provides a general accounting mechanism that allows us to view the economy and the environment on the same income statement and balance sheet. This allows an auditor to verify the economic picture by checking it against a more complete representation of the flows and storages of real wealth as measured by emergy. In this study, we constructed emergy accounts for the state of West Virginia in 1997. The income statement showed annual production, consumption, and flows of emergy and dollars into and out of the state. The balance sheet evaluated the storage of emergy in some of the state's assets. Emergy indices were used to answer questions posed by managers and gain insight into the state's economic and environmental strengths and weaknesses. West Virginia has great wealth in nonrenewable resources (9E14 sej m-2 or 17 times the U.S. average). The investment ratio of emergy purchased outside to indigenous renewable and nonrenewable emergy was 2.2:1, which indicates a high potential for future development. However, the environmental loading ratio (14:1) was already 1.5 times higher than that found at an average location in the U.S. Twice as much emergy was exported as received and standard of living indicators showed that people have largely failed to benefit from their state's wealth. We propose that, just as in business, where decisions made using financial accounts ensure solvency; decisions governing the environment should be made based on an emergy accounting of activities, assets, and liabilities for the combined system of humanity and nature.     

克拉玛依市大气降水化学的统计学分析

运用相关分析、因子分析和聚类分析等统计学分析方法,对2009—2010年新疆克拉玛依市的大气降水化学组成和分布特征进行分析。结果表明,SO4^2-、Cl^-、Ca^2＋和Na^＋是降水中主要离子。降水的pH值、电导率、降水量和各离子组份均呈现明显的正偏态分布,降水样品以低离子含量的样本为主,因子分析和聚类分析2种分类方法分析降水中水溶性离子主要分为3类。SO4^2-、Cl^-、Mg^2＋、F^-主要来自人为活动的贡献,K^＋、Ca^2＋主要来源于土壤和沙尘等地壳,H^＋与其他阴、阳离子间并未表现出明显的相关关系,表明研究区域的降水酸度是所有致酸离子和各种离子综合作用的结果,而不是降水中某个单一的离子组份确定的。     

山东省城市大气降水pH值观测结果及其初步分析

通过对山东省十七个主要城市2003年大气降水观测数据的统计分析,对大气降水pH值的时空分布特征和酸雨频率进行了分析。结果表明,山东省酸雨主要出现在秋季和冬季;鲁北平原、鲁中南的莱芜地区,胶东半岛地区频率较高。从酸雨与气象条件的初步分析得出,风速越小时,地面风对酸雨的贡献就相对增大;冬季接地逆温的存在为酸雨形成提供了极其有利的条件。文章并从气象角度对酸雨成因机理作了初步的分析。     

奎独乌区域大气降水离子来源分析

通过研究2010—2015年奎独乌区域大气降水化学特征和变化,分析降水中离子组成和来源。结果表明,2010—2015年奎独乌区域硫酸型大气污染较为明显,硫酸盐污染物对降水酸性影响略降,土壤扬尘带来的钙离子污染略降;降水中SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、F~-、K~+主要来源于土壤扬尘,其中SO_4~(2-)、Cl-、Ca~(2+)还来源于人为源排放;NO-3主要来源于人为源排放。工业源SO_2、烟粉尘排放量变化是引起降水中SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)当量浓度变化的主要因素,大风和扬尘天气的减少也是降水中Ca~(2+)当量浓度降低的重要因素;工业源和机动车NO_x排放量变化是引起降水中NO_3~-当量浓度变化的主要因素。     

乌鲁木齐市大气降水的化学特征分析

讨论了乌鲁木齐市2004年1～12月年度降水的酸碱性、离子组分变化规律与特征,阐述了乌鲁木齐市城市降水的基本现状,分析了降水的变化规律,对主要成因进行了初步探讨,指出乌鲁木齐市的硫酸型降水污染应该从总量上控制SO2。并从源头上削减SO2的排放量。     

金华市大气降水的化学组成特征及来源解析

对2004年大气降水样品监测资料的综合分析和研究表明,金华市降水样品pH值的分布范围在3.64~6.76之间,降水的酸雨率为79.3%。SO24-和NO-3是降水中主要的阴离子,分别占降水中阴离子总量的66.1%和21.7%。NH 4和Ca2 是降水中含量最高的阳离子,分别占阴离子总量的56.6%和33.4%。降水中这些离子的浓度水平一般比世界上其它地方高,但大大低于国内的北方地区。由于降水中缺乏足够的中和物质,大约76%的降水酸度被NH 4、Ca2 和K 等碱性成分中和。陆源型离子Ca2 、Mg2 和K 以及海盐性离子Na 和Cl-之间存在明显的相关关系,另外Ca2 和SO24-、Mg2 和SO24-、Mg2 和NO-3以及Mg2 和Cl-之间也可以观察到比较好的相关关系。土壤和海水的富集系数表明,研究区域的Ca2 和K 主要来源于岩石/土壤风化,SO24-和NO-3主要归因于人为活动的影响。     

Calibration and validation of a regionally and seasonally stratified macroinvertebrate index for West Virginia wadeable streams

Multimetric indices (MMIs) are routinely used by federal, state, and tribal entities to assess the quality of aquatic resources. Because of their diversity, abundance, ubiquity, and sensitivity to environmental stress, benthic macroinvertebrates are well suited for MMIs. West Virginia has used a statewide family-level stream condition index (WVSCI) since 2002. We describe the development, validation, and application of a geographically- and seasonally partitioned genus-level index of most probable stream status (GLIMPSS) for West Virginia wadeable streams. Natural classification strata were evaluated with reference site communities using mean similarity analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination. Forty-one metrics spanning six ecological categories (richness, composition, tolerance, dominance, trophic groups, and habits) were evaluated for sensitivity, responsiveness, redundancy, range and variability across seasonal (spring and summer) and regional (mountains and plateau) strata. Through a step-wise metric selection process, 8–10 metrics were aggregated to comprise four stratum-specific GLIMPSS models (mountain/plateau and spring/summer). A comparison of GLIMPSS with WVSCI exhibited marked improvements where GLIMPSS detecting greater stream impacts. A variation of the GLIMPSS, which differs only in the family-level taxonomic identification of Chironomidae (GLIMPSS (CF)), was comparable to the full GLIMPSS. These MMIs are robust yet practical tools for evaluating impacts to water quality, instream and riparian habitat, and aquatic wildlife in wadeable riffle-run streams based on sensitivity, responsiveness, precision, and independent validation. These models may be used effectively to detect degradation of the naturally occurring benthic community, assess causes of biological degradation, and plan and evaluate remediation of damaged stream ecosystems.     

上海市浦东新区大气降水化学组分及其相关性分析

依据上海市浦东新区2010—2015年2个代表性采样点的142份监测数据,对降水中的化学组成及各组分间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,监测期间单次降雨的pH值为3.85~6.09,平均值为5.09,属硫酸型/硝酸型复合污染酸雨。其中SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为主要离子,平均值分别为4.55和3.31 mg/L。通过SPSS统计分析得出,人类生活和生产过程以及海洋源是浦东新区大气降水化学组分的主要来源,但仍存在不同的区域特征。     

Validation and Applications of a Chemical Equilibrium Model for Struvite Precipitation

Removal of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater can be accomplished by precipitating these as the mineral struvite (NH₄MgPO₄. 6H₂O). Predicting struvite precipitation potential, yield, and purity is important for designers and operators of reactors for struvite precipitation. In this paper, a mathematical model of this precipitation process is developed using physicochemical equilibrium expressions, mass balance equations for nitrogen, phosphorous and magnesium, and charge balance. The model was simulated to explicitly solve for equilibrium concentrations of eighteen species that included dissolved (three), ionic (ten), and solid (five) species for a given set of initial concentrations of ammonium–nitrogen, magnesium and phosphate–phosphorus, and pH. The model simulations were validated against literature experimental data, which used synthetic as well as actual wastewater, and data from our experiments. The model satisfactorily predicted most data. Struvite fraction in the precipitate ranged from 27% to 100%. The purity of struvite in the precipitate and the pH that maximizes struvite fraction was dependent on the initial concentrations of ammonium, magnesium, and phosphate. Optimum pH and struvite fraction was, respectively, 8.5 and 29.3% for an equimolar mixture of ammonia, magnesium, and phosphate and 9.8 and 98.3% for 10:1.7:3.4 mM ratio. Struvite fraction in the precipitate increased as magnesium became limiting or as ammonia to phosphate ratio increased and magnesium to phosphate ratio decreased. Since the struvite component is only a fraction of the total solids, it is erroneous to report the total precipitate produced as being struvite as is conventionally done.     

Analysis of Wet Precipitation of Air Pollutants in Mumbai (India)

Bulk precipitation samples at Mumbai (India) were collectedduring the monsoon seasons of 1991 to 1996 and analysed forionic concentrations using an Ion Chromatograph DIONEX model100. The variability of sulphate to nitrate ratio in rainwaterfluctuates in a wide range from 1.5 to 20 and governed by thesulphate concentrations in the sample. The regression analysisof the data reveals that in the bulk precipitation at Mumbai, SO₄^2- is becoming increasingly important relative toNO₃^-. The role of meteorological influences onscavenging of air pollutants by rain water has been tried toexplain the phenomena. The computed wet deposition rates for Sand N during 1991–1996 show that the S deposition is higherthan N in all the years. There is a wide fluctuation indeposition rates of S ranging from 2 to 55 kg km² per annum.     

便携式干法烟气预处理装置除水效率分析

利用湿度发生器与SO₂标准气生成湿度梯度测试气,比较“微压”式、半导体冷凝、Nafion管干燥3种便携式烟气预处理装置中的SO₂损失率;结合各预处理装置的工作原理及特点,分析其除水效率下降的主要原因。通过现场比对测试,验证“微压”式和半导体冷凝烟气预处理装置的除水能力。为降低烟气湿度对测试结果的影响,提高监测数据的准确性提供参考。     

Preliminary results of laboratory toxicity tests with the mayfly, Isonychia bicolor (Ephemeroptera: Isonychiidae) for development as a standard test organism for evaluating streams in the Appalachian coalfields of Virginia and West Virginia

Selecting the most appropriate test species for sediment and water column assays has been a primary goal for ecotoxicologists. Standard test organisms and established test guidelines exist, but the USEPA-recommended species may not be the most sensitive organisms to anthropogenic inputs. This paper describes preliminary results of toxicity tests with the mayfly, Isonychia bicolor (Ephemeroptera). Results suggested that Isonychia were moderately sensitive to NaCl after 96 h with an average LC₅₀ value of 3.10 g NaCl per liter. This value decreased after 7 days of exposure, resulting in a mean LC₅₀ value of 1.73 g NaCl per liter. When exposed to a coal-mine-processed effluent, Isonychia generated LC₅₀ values that ranged from 13% to 39% effluent. I. bicolor were more sensitive to the coal processing effluent than Ceriodaphnia dubia with conductivity lowest observable effects concentration (LOEC) values for mayfly survivorship that ranged from 1,508 to 4,101 μS/cm, while LOEC values for C. dubia reproduction ranged from 2,132 to 4,240 μS/cm.     

重庆黔江区大气降水的化学特征及来源分析

通过2013年6月—2014年5月对黔江区大气降水的化学组成分析研究表明,降水样品的p H值分布范围在4.91~7.32之间;SO2-4是降水中主要的阴离子,占阴离子总量的68.9%,Ca2+是降水中含量较高的阳离子,占阳离子总量的41.4%;SO2-4/NO-3浓度比为6.78,表明降水类型为硫酸盐型。陆源性离子Ca2+、Mg2+以及海源性离子Na+和Cl-之间存在明显的相关关系。海水和土壤的富集系数表明,研究区域的SO2-4和NO-3主要归因于人为活动的影响。     

降水和风对苏州地区PM2.5浓度影响分析

为了解降水和风对苏州地区细颗粒物（PM_2.5）质量浓度的影响,利用2018—2022年逐日降水量、风向风速和环境空气质量数据,分析苏州市降水和ρ PM_2.5）的月变化特征及日降水强度、降水时长和风向风速对ρ（PM_2.5）变化的作用。结果表明,降水对PM_2.5存在一定湿清除作用,全年雨日ρ（PM_2.5）平均值较非雨日低21%,1—2月和11—12月最为显著。降水的湿清除效率受日降水量级和日降水时长等因素的影响,当日降水量达到中雨及以上量级时,ρ（PM_2.5）下降样本数超过总样本数的60%,降水的湿清除效率随着降水量级的增加而显著提高;当日降水时长＞6 h时,降水对污染物浓度的改善作用明显,ρ（PM_2.5）下降样本数超过总样本数的50%。不同风向、风速的清除作用也有差异,静风或微风状态下,高温高湿的西南风最易造成苏州地区的霾污染;当西北风速＞4m/s时,受到冷锋前的污染气团南下扩散影响,ρ（PM_2.5）升高;对于东北风、西南风和东南风这3个风向,当风速达到5m/s时,对污染物具有有效的干清除作用。     

京津冀区域大气重污染过程特征初步分析

基于为京津冀区域和城市环境空气质量预报和空气重污染预警业务提供必要基础参考资料和区域重污染发生发展规律认识的需求,应用现有空气监测网2013—2014年度京津冀区域13个城市空气质量监测数据,分析了该区域2013—2014年空气质量整体情况和污染过程的季节变化规律、污染范围,统计了两年间31次区域范围大气重污染过程,并根据污染过程的空气质量变化特点和大气环流形势,着重对31次重污染过程中均压场天气型污染开展分析。结果表明,2013—2014年京津冀区域空气污染形势严峻,全年约有六成日数受颗粒物污染影响;京津冀区域空气污染南北差异显著,有自北向南逐步加重的特点,南部污染严重城市对区域污染贡献巨大,石家庄、保定、邢台、邯郸4城市将PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)年均浓度分别拉升31、16μg/m~3;2013—2014年京津冀区域大范围重污染过程集中发生在秋冬季,两季的污染过程对区域两年PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)平均浓度分别拉升27、21μg/m~3;京津冀区域均压场天气型污染可细分为臭氧型均压场和颗粒物型均压场。当秋冬季出现较小气压梯度、西南小风、逆温层等均压场天气型时,容易造成区域颗粒物污染过程;而春末、夏季出现均压场天气型时,容易造成O_3污染。     

广安市城区2010年上半年酸雨频率较高的成因分析

通过对广安市城区近几年及2010年上半年大气降水监测结果的分析,结合当地地形地貌、污染源排放等影响因素,初步分析了火电厂排污对广安市酸雨的贡献以及可能造成该市城区酸雨发生频率较高的原因,并提出了改善大气环境质量、缓解酸雨污染的对策建议。     

The Precision of Precipitation Chemistry Measurements in the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN)

Precision estimates are presented for precipitation chemistry and depth measurements made by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN). The estimates were made for daily measurements of ion concentration and precipitation depth as well as for weekly, 28-day, seasonal and annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations and depths. The data on which the estimates are based were collected from collocated samplers at five CAPMoN sites during the period 1985 to 1993. The data pairs from the collocated samplers were used to calculate the between-instrument error defined as 1/2 times the difference between the paired sample concentrations (or depths). For all of the ion concentrations and depths, the between-sampler errors were found not to be normally distributed, but the normality of the distributions improved with the length of the (volume-weighting) time period considered. A set of quantitative measures of overall network precision were derived in absolute (mg L^-1) and relative (%) units. These included the Modified Median Absolute Deviation (M.MAD), the P90% probability values and the Coefficient of Variation (CoV). The latter, defined as the percent ratio of the M.MAD to the median concentration (or depth), represents the relative precision at the center of the error and concentration (and depth) distributions. Based on the CoV values, the relative precision of the CAPMoN measurements was very high (better than 4%) for SO ₄ ^2- , NO ₃ ^- , pH, H⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , sample depth and standard gauge depth, and not as high (between 10 and <35%) for Cl^-, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺. The ions with the lowest median concentrations had the poorest relative precision since so many of the concentrations were at or near the analytical detection limit. Except for the sample and standard gauge depths, both the absolute and relative precision improved with the length of the precipitation-weighting period. Detailed statistical testing established that the precision of the daily measurements is dependent on a number of factors, the most dominant being sample depth and concentration, i.e., the absolute precision improves with increasing sample depth and decreasing concentration. The strength of these relationships diminished with the length of the precipitation-weighting period being considered. Laboratory-related sources of imprecision were found to account for less than 4% of the overall daily measurement imprecision for most species, while field-related sources of imprecision accounted for the balance. Specialized plots are shown which allow data users to estimate the absolute and relative precision at any concentration and depth value.     

百年一遇大旱后城区降雨径流中重金属与悬浮物相关性分析

为了探讨2009年入秋至2010年春,西南百年一遇大旱后城市降雨径流中重金属污染特性,对昆明市交通干道路面及路旁一处混凝土屋面的3次降雨径流进行了监测,研究了城区降雨径流中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Fe、Mn、Cr的变化过程,分析了不同重金属之间、重金属与悬浮物(SS)之间的相关性。3次降雨径流中重金属质量浓度随降雨呈不同程度下降。大旱后的首次降雨径流重金属污染最严重,次日的降雨径流重金属污染最轻。降雨径流中各重金属均与SS在含量上明显相关,径流中的重金属主要以吸附在SS上的不溶态存在。屋面与路面径流中的大多数重金属具有良好的同源性。     

乌鲁木齐近十二年(1997~2009)降水中化学组分变化趋势分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市近12年(1997~2009)降水的化学组分分析,表明大气环境中的年际pH值在6.04~7.42间波动。∑阴离子所占百分比约为∑阳离子2倍。SO^2-₄和Ca²⁺分别是阴离子和阳离子中占比重最大的离子,直接影响降水的化学性质。近年来,SO^2-₄在阴离子中所占比重呈下降趋势,而NO^-₃则逐年增加,说明乌鲁木齐市在控制燃煤型污染方面采取的措施取得了一定效果,而机动车尾气污染日益加重,大气环境中各阴离子的组分比例在不断变化。     

重庆城市电网工频电磁环境现状及安全性分析

在现场实测的基础上,分析研究了重庆城市电网中各种电压等级、各种类型变电站周边环境,多种形式架空线路下方区域以及地下电缆周围工频电磁环境的现状,对比国家现行标准限值,评价重庆城市电网的工频电磁环境的安全性,同时也指出随着架空线密度的增加,周围工频电场不但不增加,反而有降低的现象.目前擅自在输电线路下建房或增加房屋高度是危及电磁环境安全的主要问题,应加大监管力度,减少日后不必要的环保纠纷.